[1] D.T. Bui, P.G. Cordeiro, Q.Y. Hu, J.J. Disa, A. Pusic, B.J. Mehrara, Free flap reexploration: indications, treatment, and outcomes in 1193 free flaps, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119 (7) (2007) 2092–2100.
[2] K.T. Lee, G.H. Mun, The efficacy of postoperative antithrombotics in free flap surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 135 (4) (2015) 1124–1139.
[3] D.L. Carden, D.N. Granger, Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, J. Pathol. 190 (3) (2000) 255–266.
[4] T. Uemura, M. Tsujii, K. Akeda, T. Iino, H. Satonaka, M. Hasegawa, A. Sudo, Transfection of nuclear factor-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat epigastric flap model, J. Gene Med. 14 (11) (2012) 623–631.
[5] K. Hori, M. Tsujii, T. Iino, H. Satonaka, T. Uemura, K. Akeda, M. Hasegawa, A. Uchida, A. Sudo, Protective effect of edaravone for tourniquet-induced ischemia- reperfusion injury on skeletal muscle in murine hindlimb, BMC Muscoskel. Disord. 14 (2013) 113.
[6] J. Gonza´lez-Montero, R. Brito, A.I. Gajardo, R. Rodrigo, Myocardial reperfusion injury and oxidative stress: therapeutic opportunities, World J. Cardiol. 10 (9) (2018) 74–86.
[7] H. Liu, W. Wang, X. Weng, H. Chen, Z. Chen, Y. Du, X. Liu, L. Wang, The H3K9 histone methyltransferase G9a modulates renal ischemia reperfusion injury by targeting Sirt1, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 172 (2021) 123–135.
[8] P. Bhargava, R.G. Schnellmann, Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney, Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 13 (10) (2017) 629–646.
[9] D.B. Zorov, C.R. Filburn, L.O. Klotz, J.L. Zweier, S.J. Sollott, Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced ROS release: a new phenomenon accompanying induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in cardiac myocytes, J. Exp. Med. 192 (7) (2000) 1001–1014.
[10] D.B. Zorov, M. Juhaszova, S.J. Sollott, Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release, Physiol. Rev. 94 (3) (2014) 909–950.
[11] J. Kamarauskaite, R. Baniene, D. Trumbeckas, A. Strazdauskas, S. Trumbeckaite, Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects kidney mitochondria against ischemia/ reperfusion induced injury in an in vivo rat model, Antioxidants 10 (5) (2021).
[12] M. Xie, G.W. Cho, Y. Kong, D.L. Li, F. Altamirano, X. Luo, C.R. Morales, N. Jiang, G. G. Schiattarella, H.I. May, J. Medina, J.M. Shelton, A. Ferdous, T.G. Gillette, J. A. Hill, Activation of Autophagic Flux Blunts Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Circulation research, 2021.
[13] U.Z. Malik, N.J. Hundley, G. Romero, R. Radi, B.A. Freeman, M.M. Tarpey, E. E. Kelley, Febuxostat inhibition of endothelial-bound XO: implications for targeting vascular ROS production, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (1) (2011) 179–184.
[14] H. Tsuda, N. Kawada, J.Y. Kaimori, H. Kitamura, T. Moriyama, H. Rakugi, S. Takahara, Y. Isaka, Febuxostat suppressed renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via reduced oxidative stress, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 427 (2) (2012) 266–272.
[15] S. Wang, Y. Li, X. Song, X. Wang, C. Zhao, A. Chen, P. Yang, Febuxostat pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via mitochondrial apoptosis, J. Transl. Med. 13 (2015) 209.
[16] A.N. Fahmi, G.S. Shehatou, A.M. Shebl, H.A. Salem, Febuxostat protects rats against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, N. Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 389 (3) (2016) 269–278.
[17] H. Kataoka, K. Yang, K.L. Rock, The xanthine oxidase inhibitor Febuxostat reduces tissue uric acid content and inhibits injury-induced inflammation in the liver and lung, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 746 (2015) 174–179.
[18] G. Huang, Y. Lin, M. Fang, D. Lin, Protective effects of icariin on dorsal random skin flap survival: an experimental study, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 861 (2019) 172600.
[19] F. Faul, E. Erdfelder, A.G. Lang, A. Buchner, G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences, Behav. Res. Methods 39 (2) (2007) 175–191.
[20] J. Nomura, N. Busso, A. Ives, C. Matsui, S. Tsujimoto, T. Shirakura, M. Tamura, T. Kobayashi, A. So, Y. Yamanaka, Xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates experimental atherosclerosis in mice, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 4554.
[21] K. Gideroglu, F. Yilmaz, F. Aksoy, G. Bugdayci, I. Saglam, F. Yimaz, Montelukast protects axial pattern rat skin flaps against ischemia/reperfusion injury, J. Surg. Res. 157 (2) (2009) 181–186.
[22] J. Araki, H. Kato, K. Doi, S. Kuno, K. Kinoshita, K. Mineda, K. Kanayama, K. Yoshimura, Application of normobaric hyperoxygenation to an ischemic flap and a composite skin graft, Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2 (5) (2014) e152.
[23] M.C. McCormack, E. Kwon, K.R. Eberlin, M. Randolph, D.S. Friend, A.C. Thomas, M.T. Watkins, W.G. Austen Jr., Development of reproducible histologic injury severity scores: skeletal muscle reperfusion injury, Surgery 143 (1) (2008) 126–133.
[24] Y. Kanda, Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ’EZR’ for medical statistics, Bone Marrow Transplant. 48 (3) (2013) 452–458.
[25] D. Xin, R. Quan, L. Zeng, C. Xu, Y. Tang, Lipoxin A4 protects rat skin flaps against ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibiting cell apoptosis and inflammatory response induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, Ann. Transl. Med. 8 (17) (2020) 1086.
[26] A.N. Shafik, Febuxostat improves the local and remote organ changes induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats, Dig. Dis. Sci. 58 (3) (2013) 650–659.
[27] M. Yamaguchi, K. Okamoto, T. Kusano, Y. Matsuda, G. Suzuki, A. Fuse, H. Yokota, The effects of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors on oxidative stress markers following global brain ischemia reperfusion injury in C57bl/6 mice, PLoS One 10 (7) (2015), e0133980.
[28] M.Y. Wu, G.T. Yiang, W.T. Liao, A.P. Tsai, Y.L. Cheng, P.W. Cheng, C.Y. Li, C.J. Li, Current mechanistic concepts in ischemia and reperfusion injury, cellular physiology and biochemistry, international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 46 (4) (2018) 1650–1667.
[29] A. Daiber, Redox signaling (cross-talk) from and to mitochondria involves mitochondrial pores and reactive oxygen species, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1797 (6–7) (2010) 897–906.
[30] S. Dikalov, Cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 (7) (2011) 1289–1301.
[31] M.J. Im, J.E. Hoopes, Y. Yoshimura, P.N. Manson, G.B. Bulkley, Xanthine:acceptor oxidoreductase activities in ischemic rat skin flaps, J. Surg. Res. 46 (3) (1989) 230–234.
[32] R. Rees, D. Smith, T.D. Li, B. Cashmer, W. Garner, J. Punch, D.J. Smith Jr., The role of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in skin ischemia, J. Surg. Res. 56 (2) (1994) 162–167.
[33] J. Nomura, N. Busso, A. Ives, S. Tsujimoto, M. Tamura, A. So, Y. Yamanaka, Febuxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, suppresses lipopolysaccharide- induced MCP-1 production via MAPK phosphatase-1-mediated inactivation of JNK, PLoS One 8 (9) (2013), e75527.
[34] V. Kolek, I. Gryg´arkov´a, L. Koubkova´, J. Skˇriˇckov´a, J. Sˇvecov´a, D. Sixtova´, J. Bartoˇs, A. Tichop´ad, Carboplatin with intravenous and subsequent oral administration of vinorelbine in resected non-small-cell-lung cancer in real-world set-up, PLoS One 12 (7) (2017), e0181803.
[35] W.J. Loos, G. Stoter, J. Verweij, J.H. Schellens, Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence assay for the quantitation of topotecan (SKF 104864-A) and its lactone ring-opened product (hydroxy acid) in human plasma and urine, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 678 (2) (1996) 309–315.
[36] M.H. Schmid, C. Meuli-Simmen, J. Hafner, Repair of cutaneous defects after skin cancer surgery, Recent results in cancer research, Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer 160 (2002) 225–233.
[37] S.A. Robertson, J.A. Jeevaratnam, A. Agrawal, R.I. Cutress, Mastectomy skin flap necrosis: challenges and solutions, in: Breast Cancer, 9, Dove Medical Press), 2017, pp. 141–152.
[38] A.O. Cetin, M. Omar, S. Calp, H. Tunca, N. Yimaz, B. Ozseker, O. Tanriverdi, Hyperuricemia at the time of diagnosis is a factor for poor prognosis in patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer (uric acid and colorectal cancer), Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP : Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP 18 (2) (2017) 485–490.
[39] S. Wang, X. Liu, Z. He, X. Chen, W. Li, Hyperuricemia has an adverse impact on the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma, Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 37 (1) (2016) 1205–1210.
[40] J. Yan, C. Zhu, Hyperuricemia is a adverse prognostic factor for colon cancer patients, Int. J. Gen. Med. 14 (2021) 3001–3006.
[41] M.G. Battelli, M. Bortolotti, L. Polito, A. Bolognesi, Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk: the role of xanthine oxidoreductase, Redox biology 21 (2019) 101070.
[42] A.J. Maxwell, K.A. Bruinsma, Uric acid is closely linked to vascular nitric oxide activity. Evidence for mechanism of association with cardiovascular disease, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38 (7) (2001) 1850–1858.
[43] S.I. Khan, R.K. Malhotra, N. Rani, A.K. Sahu, A. Tomar, S. Garg, T.C. Nag, R. Ray, S. Ojha, D.S. Arya, J. Bhatia, Febuxostat modulates MAPK/NF-κBp65/TNF-α signaling in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity (2017) 8095825, 2017.
[44] X.H. Dong, H. Liu, M.Z. Zhang, P.X. Zhao, S. Liu, Y. Hao, Y.B. Wang, Postconditioning with inhaled hydrogen attenuates skin ischemia/reperfusion injury through the RIP-MLKL-PGAM5/Drp1 necrotic pathway, Am. J. Tourism Res. 11 (1) (2019) 499–508.
[45] N. Wang, G. Song, Y. Yang, W. Yuan, M. Qi, Inactivated Lactobacillus promotes protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through NF-κB pathway, Biosci. Rep. 37 (6) (2017).
[46] A.T. Pokorny, D.A. Bright, C.W. Cummings, The effects of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase in a rat model of skin flap necrosis, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 115 (2) (1989) 207–212.
[47] S. Suzuki, N. Yoshioka, N. Isshiki, H. Hamanaka, Y. Miyachi, Involvement of reactive oxygen species in post-ischaemic flap necrosis and its prevention by antioxidants, Br. J. Plast. Surg. 44 (2) (1991) 130–134.
[48] M.J. Im, P.N. Manson, G.B. Bulkley, J.E. Hoopes, Effects of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol on the survival of acute island skin flaps, Ann. Surg. 201 (3) (1985) 357–359.
[49] A.A. Khan, J.T. Paget, M. McLaughlin, J.N. Kyula, M.J. Wilkinson, T. Pencavel, D. Mansfield, V. Roulstone, R. Seth, M. Halle, N. Somaiah, J.K.R. Boult, S. P. Robinson, H.S. Pandha, R.G. Vile, A.A. Melcher, P.A. Harris, K.J. Harrington, Genetically modified lentiviruses that preserve microvascular function protect against late radiation damage in normal tissues, Sci. Transl. Med. 10 (425) (2018).
[50] J.N. Peoples, A. Saraf, N. Ghazal, T.T. Pham, J.Q. Kwong, Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart disease, Exp. Mol. Med. 51 (12) (2019) 1–13.
[51] L.A. MacMillan-Crow, J.P. Crow, J.A. Thompson, Peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase involves nitration and oxidation of critical tyrosine residues, Biochemistry 37 (6) (1998) 1613–1622.
[52] L.A. MacMillan-Crow, J.P. Crow, J.D. Kerby, J.S. Beckman, J.A. Thompson, Nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in chronic rejection of human renal allografts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (21) (1996) 11853–11858.
[53] S.V. Mantha, M. Prasad, J. Kalra, K. Prasad, Antioxidant enzymes in hypercholesterolemia and effects of vitamin E in rabbits, Atherosclerosis 101 (2) (1993) 135–144.
[54] M. Alshahawey, S.M. Shaheen, T. Elsaid, N.A. Sabri, Effect of febuxostat on oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with endothelial dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, Int. Urol. Nephrol. 51 (9) (2019) 1649–1657.
[55] Y. Zhang, H. Zhou, W. Wu, C. Shi, S. Hu, T. Yin, Q. Ma, T. Han, Y. Zhang, F. Tian, Y. Chen, Liraglutide protects cardiac microvascular endothelial cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through the suppression of the SR-Ca(2+)-XO-ROS axis via activation of the GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt/survivin pathways, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 95 (2016) 278–292.
[56] H. Zhou, S. Toan, Pathological roles of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury, Biomolecules 10 (1) (2020).
[57] T. Taniguchi, K. Omura, K. Motoki, M. Sakai, N. Chikamatsu, N. Ashizawa, T. Takada, T. Iwanaga, Hypouricemic agents reduce indoxyl sulfate excretion by inhibiting the renal transporters OAT1/3 and ABCG2, Sci. Rep. 11 (1) (2021) 7232.
[58] K. Fujii, A. Kubo, K. Miyashita, M. Sato, A. Hagiwara, H. Inoue, M. Ryuzaki, M. Tamaki, T. Hishiki, N. Hayakawa, Y. Kabe, H. Itoh, M. Suematsu, Xanthine oxidase inhibitor ameliorates postischemic renal injury in mice by promoting resynthesis of adenine nucleotides, JCI insight 4 (22) (2019).
[59] J.A. Honorat, Y. Nakatsuji, M. Shimizu, M. Kinoshita, H. Sumi-Akamaru, T. Sasaki, K. Takata, T. Koda, A. Namba, K. Yamashita, E. Sanda, M. Sakaguchi, A. Kumanogoh, T. Shirakura, M. Tamura, S. Sakoda, H. Mochizuki, T. Okuno, Febuxostat ameliorates secondary progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by restoring mitochondrial energy production in a GOT2- dependent manner, PLoS One 12 (11) (2017), e0187215.
[60] X. Ma, Y. Lin, Y. Liu, W. Li, J. He, M. Fang, D. Lin, Effects of apigenin treatment on random skin flap survival in rats, Front. Pharmacol. 12 (2021) 625733.
[61] A.B. Nair, S. Jacob, A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human, J. Basic Clin. Pharm. 7 (2) (2016) 27–31.
[62] L.A. Picard-Ami Jr., A. MacKay, C.L. Kerrigan, Pathophysiology of ischemic skin flaps: differences in xanthine oxidase levels among rats, pigs, and humans, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 87 (4) (1991) 750–755.
[63] L.A. Picard-Ami Jr., A. MacKay, C.L. Kerrigan, Effect of allopurinol on the survival of experimental pig flaps, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 89 (6) (1992) 1098–1103.
[64] M.F. Angel, C.G. Mellow, K.R. Knight, S.A. Coe, B.M. O’Brien, A biochemical study of acute ischemia in rodent skin free flaps with and without prior elevation, Ann. Plast. Surg. 26 (5) (1991) 419–424. ; discussion 425-6.
[65] M. Katerji, M. Filippova, P. Duerksen-Hughes, Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019, 2019, p. 1279250.
[66] A. Ives, J. Nomura, F. Martinon, T. Roger, D. LeRoy, J.N. Miner, G. Simon, N. Busso, A. So, Xanthine oxidoreductase regulates macrophage IL1β secretion upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 6555.