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Self-governing Irrigation Management System for Effective Water Distribution in Large Paddy Rice Irrigation Schemes in Uganda

Ayella, Paul 筑波大学 DOI:10.15068/0002006178

2023.01.17

概要

The current population growth rates and increased urbanization will increase global food production. The land and water resources that are the basis of our food production have remained finite and are already under heavy stress. To sustain the growth of future agricultural demand, grain, especially rice production, will have to be sustainable.

Improving irrigation performance is crucial for good, sustainable & increased agricultural productivity. Unlike other crops, in paddy rice, yield damage is minimal with excessive water, which prompts upstream farmers to draw much water depriving downstream users. This situation often leads to inequitable water distribution and conflict between upstream and downstream farmers.

Like most developing countries, significant irrigation developments are underway for irrigation infrastructure in Uganda. Governments have adopted a cost-sharing arrangement where the government constructs the infrastructures while farmers, through users' self-governance, are decision-makers while shouldering their Operation & Maintenance (OM) fees. This cost-sharing arrangement is often adopted to ensure equitable water distribution between up and downstream users. Still, there are mixed success stories in many developing countries. Doho, in Uganda, is one such large-scale paddy irrigation scheme where self-governance WUAs were introduced in the 2000s through the PIM system with the expectation of equitable water distribution for high productivity while bearing its OM fees through fee collection. Productivity has remained low, inequitable water distribution persists, and the water fee collection rate has remained low. It is thus crucial to analyze the performance of the existing irrigation systems along the line of equal water and water fee collection rates and propose a remedy for improvement in irrigation management for high agricultural productivity.

In this study, from the viewpoint of effective water distribution, to improve the current self- governing system, I analyzed the factors that affect water sufficiency & water FCR among irrigation schemes with contrasting management styles among and within PIM blocks. We then examined the role of government in achieving equal water distribution by comparing Japan and Doho systems. And we drew practical recommendations for improvement.

As a methodology, I started with a reconnaissance survey in a typical rice-producing area to understand the rice production landscape through the farmers' rudimentary irrigation initiatives. Next, I executed a comparative analysis of effective water distribution among irrigation schemes with contrasting PIM and Autocratic management styles, drawing water from the same intake but having different yields under the same farming conditions. Then, Taking the PIM system as a case for improvement, we evaluated the reasons for unequal water distribution and water sufficiency's impact on FCR within and among blocks. Finally, while comparing with the Japanese LID case, we examined the role of government involvement in EWD through water distribution analysis among irrigation blocks and how the water distribution schedule is prepared and revised.

As a result, In the reconnaissance survey, it was noted that most of the formal rice schemes started as informal rice schemes by local farmers; Local farmers have their initiatives in the paddy valley areas that adapts to the prevailing floods and drought conditions. In the comparative analysis, the rice yield, fertilizer use, land rent, and water satisfaction are higher in Autocratic-Lwoba than PIM-Doho due to sufficient water distribution. The stable water supply also incentives farmers to use fertilizers. The monitoring, Operation, and feedback for water management are better in Lwoba than in PIM- Doho because he has solid incentives and power for higher and stable rent income. In the PIM Doho, the hydraulics position of farmers along the canals plays the dominant factor in water sufficiency and FCR. FCR decreases downstream along secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary canals. FCR also decreases linearly with increased head canal length; FCR increases with a decrease in strip length, and FCR is higher in plots with rotational irrigation. In the analysis among blocks, there is no water allocation management within blocks in case of extreme drought though the WUA in Doho has a well-functioning water distribution plan. This plan for water distribution among blocks is continuously revised based on the principle of equal water distribution. Unlike in Japan, inter-block collaboration and negotiation are missing, which calls for direct government involvement. In the Japanese PIM System, water management is structured into a Mura system according to the branch canals, forming a tree-like management structure; in this system, prospects of conflict among the Mura breed cooperation within Mura. Also, in Japanese LID, unlike in Doho, a cost-sharing arrangement exists where beneficiary farmers bear part of the construction cost; the more farmers are brought on board, the lower the per capita cost paid by farmers. This system would naturally force the upstream farmers to be inherently inclusive to the downstream farmers.

In conclusion, lack of motivation and power affect equal water distribution in the current PIM. Fairwater distribution among fields positively impacts average/total yield and is an incentive for more fertilizer use and paying water fees in an irrigation project. Water dissatisfaction and insufficient water supply increase were downstream at blocks, strips, and plot levels. With the evidence from autocratic Lwoba, PIM Doho, and the Japanese LID, establishing a management system based on the farmers' consensus and field-based technical diagnosis is more effective. Measures would include; strengthening the operation and feedback system for water management, strengthening the cooperation and collaboration at all terminal canal levels, raising the WTP of downstream farmers by equitable water distribution through Inter-strip and inter-plot rotational, construction of shorter strips, and other infield water management. Continuous government presence, tree-like management structures, and construction cost-sharing would also increase motivation and power to share water.

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