1. Rodrigues M, Galego O, Costa C, et al. Central nervous system vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a
case series report in a tertiary referral centre. Lupus. 2017;26(13):1440–1447. doi: 10.1177/0961203317694259.
2. Kaichi Y, Kakeda S, Moriya J, et al. Brain MR findings in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
with and without antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(1):100–105. doi:
10.3174/ajnr.A3645.
3. Weiner DK, Allen NB. Large vessel vasculitis of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus:
report and review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 1991;18(5):748–751.
4. Stone JH, Pomper MG, Roubenoff R, Miller TJ, Hellmann DB. Sensitivities of noninvasive tests for central
nervous system vasculitis: a comparison of lumbar puncture, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance
imaging. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(7):1277–1282.
5. Wolf J, Niedermaier N, Bergner R, Lowitzsch K. Cerebral vasculitis as the initial manifestation of systemic
lupus erythematosus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2001;126(34–35):947–950. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-16581.
6. Lhotta K, Würzner R, Rosenkranz AR, et al. Cerebral vasculitis in a patient with hereditary complete C4
deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13(2):139–141. doi: 10.1191/0961203304lu489cr.
7. Higashi S, Nakamura T, Tomoda K, et al. Dissapearance of cerebral aneurysms detected by magnetic
resonance angiography in a patient with CNS lupus. Kyusyu riumachi. 2006;25(2):146–152.
8. Chung SW, Lee KM, Heo SH, et al. A systemic lupus erythematosus patient with thunderclap headache:
reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lupus. 2019;28(7):898–902. doi: 10.1177/0961203319845485.
9. Mandell DM, Matouk CC, Farb RI, et al. Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results. Stroke. 2012;43(3):860–862.
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.626184.
10. Obusez EC, Hui F, Hajj-Ali RA, et al. High-resolution MRI vessel wall imaging: spatial and temporal
patterns of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis. AJNR Am
J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(8):1527–1532.
11. Xianbin W, Mingyu W, Dong X, et al. Peripheral neuropathies due to systemic lupus erythematosus in
China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(11):e625. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000625.
12. Al-Mogairen SM. Lupus protein-losing enteropathy (LUPLE): a systematic review. Rheumatol Int.
2011;31(8):995–1001. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1827-9.
13. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271–1277. doi: 10.1002/art.1780251101.
14. Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of
systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400928.
15. Katsumata Y, Harigai M, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Diagnostic reliability of magnetic resonance imaging for central
nervous system syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet
Disord. 2010;11:13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-13.
16. Kim SS, Richman DP, Johnson WO, Hald JK, Agius MA. Limited utility of current MRI criteria for
distinguishing multiple sclerosis from common mimickers: primary and secondary CNS vasculitis, lupus
and Sjogren's syndrome. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1):57–63. doi: 10.1177/1352458513491329.
17. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference
Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):1–11. doi: 10.1002/art.37715.
18. Liem MD, Gzesh DJ, Flanders AE. MRI and angiographic diagnosis of lupus cerebral vasculitis. Neuroradiology. 1996;38(2):134–136. doi: 10.1007/bf00604798.
19. Kwon SU, Koh JY, Kim JS. Vertebrobasilar artery territory infarction as an initial manifestation of systemic
lupus erythematosus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999;101(1):62–67. doi: 10.1016/s0303-8467(99)00009-8.
814
Akira Nishigaichi et al
20. Goel D, Reddy SR, Sundaram C, Prayaga AK, Rajasekhar L, Narsimulu G. Active necrotizing cerebral
vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropathology. 2007;27(6):561–565. doi: 10.1111/j.14401789.2007.00813.x.
21. Kizu H, Dobashi H, Kameda T, Susaki K, Kawanishi M, Ishida T. Improvement of irregularity of brain
vessel walls in systemic lupus erythematosus by tacrolimus. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(5):715–718. doi:
10.1007/s10067-010-1591-3.
22. Acioly MA, Farina EM, Dalmônico AC, Aguiar LR. Severe cerebral vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: from stroke to multiple fusiform aneurysms. Eur Neurol. 2012;67(6):352–353.
23. Brah S, Thomas G, Chapon F, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhages form ruptured aneurysms as the presenting
feature of lupus cerebral vasculitis. Rev Med Interne. 2012;33(2):e10–3. doi: 10.1159/000336570.
24. Böckle BC, Jara D, Aichhorn K, et al. Cerebral large vessel vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus. 2014;23(13):1417–1421. doi: 10.1177/0961203314541689.
25. Kato R, Sumitomo S, Kawahata K, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. Successful treatment of cerebral large vessel
vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide. Lupus. 2015;24(8):880–
884. doi: 10.1177/0961203315570163.
26. Majidi S, Leon Guerrero CR, Gandhy S, Burger KM, Sigounas D. Numerous Fusiform and Saccular Cerebral
Aneurysms in Central Nervous System Lupus Presenting with Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.
2017;26(7):e126–e128. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.03.040.
...