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S U P P O R T I N G I N FO R M AT I O N
Additional supporting information can be found online in the
Supporting Information section at the end of this article.
Figure S1. (a) Locations of three regions (Kanto, Kansai and Kyushu)
and sites for a reciprocal sowing experiment (Kyoto University and
Shimazaki sandy coast) and sampling locations of naturalised Lolium
populations in (b) Kanto, (c) Kansai, and (d) Kyushu.
Figure S2. Measured morphological characteristics of (a) whole
plant, (b) inflorescence and (c) spikelet.
HIRATA ET AL.
Figure S3. Examples of sandy coast sites where abundance of Lolium
was (a) apparently zero, (b) low, and (c) high.
Figure S4. Values of cross-validation error for each K in the analysis
conducted using Admixture 1.3.0.
Table S1. Number of contaminant seeds used for each experiment.
Table S2. Number of individuals from cultivated varieties used for
each experiment.
Table S3. Number of individuals from naturalised populations used
for each experiment.
Table S4. Sampling locations and number of individuals in the field
populations used in each experiment.
Table S5. Summary of the results of principal component analysis of
13 morphological characteristics of Lolium species.
Table S6. Pairwise relative gene flow rates for the 11 populations.
How to cite this article: Hirata, M., Higuchi, Y., Matsuo, A.,
Sato, M. P., Suyama, Y., Kiyoshi, T., Konuma, A., Tominaga, T.,
& Shimono, Y. (2023). Introduction pathways and
evolutionary mechanisms of alien species of Lolium spreading
across sandy coasts in Japan. Journal of Ecology, 111,
2583–2596. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14206
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