1. Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, Azuma A, Brown KK, Costabel U, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med.
2014;370:2071–82.
2. Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J.
2011;37:356–63.
3. Homma S, Bando M, Azuma A, Sakamoto S, Sugino K, Ishii Y, et al. Japanese
guideline for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Investig.
2018;56:268–91.
4. Kreuter M, Polke M, Walsh SLF, Krisam J, Collard HR, Chaudhuri N, et al. Acute
exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: international survey and call
for harmonisation. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1901760.
5. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. An official
ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based
guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2011;183:788–824.
6. Matsumoto Y, Sada KE, Otsuka F, Takano M, Toyota N, Sugiyama K, et al.
Evaluation of weekly-reduction regimen of glucocorticoids in combination
with cyclophosphamide for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)associated vasculitis in Japanese patients. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:2999–3005.
7. Hings IM, Filipovich AH, Miller WJ, Blazar BL, McGlave PB, Ramsay NK, et
al. Prednisone therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease: short- versus
long-term treatment. A prospective randomized trial. Transplantation.
1993;56:577–80.
8. Furuta S, Nakagomi D, Kobayashi Y, Hiraguri M, Sugiyama T, Amano K, et al.
Effect of reduced-dose vs high-dose glucocorticoids added to rituximab on
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. remission induction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA. 2021;325:2178–87.
Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh CA, Szpirt WM, Puéchal X, Fujimoto S, et al. Plasma
exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J
Med. 2020;382:622–31.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP,
et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann
Intern Med. 2007;147:573–7.
Benchimol EI, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, Harron K, Moher D, Petersen I, et al. The
Reporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected
health Data (RECORD) statement. PLOS Med. 2015;12:e1001885.
Anan K, Kataoka Y, Ichikado K, Kawamura K, Johkoh T, Fujimoto K, et al. The
accuracy of Japanese administrative data in identifying acute exacerbation of
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Clin Epidemiol. 2022;4:53–62.
Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol.
2008;167:492–9.
Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, Richeldi L, Ryerson CJ, Lederer DJ, et al.
Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:e44–68.
Collard HR, Ryerson CJ, Corte TJ, Jenkins G, Kondoh Y, Lederer DJ, et al. Acute
exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An International Working
Group Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194:265–75.
Ichikado K, Suga M, Muranaka H, Gushima Y, Miyakawa H, Tsubamoto M, et
al. Prediction of prognosis for acute respiratory distress syndrome with thinsection CT: validation in 44 cases. Radiology. 2006;238:321–9.
Ichikado K, Muranaka H, Gushima Y, Kotani T, Nader HM, Fujimoto K, et al.
Fibroproliferative changes on high-resolution CT in the acute respiratory distress syndrome predict mortality and ventilator dependency: a prospective
observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e000545.
Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying
prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation.
J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between
two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–10.
Harder VS, Stuart EA, Anthony JC. Propensity score techniques and the
assessment of measured covariate balance to test causal associations in
psychological research. Psychol Methods. 2010;15:234–49.
Cuerpo S, Moisés J, Hernández-González F, Benegas M, Ramirez J,
Sánchez M, et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis:
does clinical stratification or steroid treatment matter? Chron Respir Dis.
2019;16:1479973119869334.
Yamazaki R, Nishiyama O, Saeki S, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Tohda Y. Initial therapeutic dose of corticosteroid for an acute exacerbation of IPF is associated with
subsequent early recurrence of another exacerbation. Sci Rep. 2021;11:5782.
Arai T, Tachibana K, Sugimoto C, Inoue Y, Tokura S, Okuma T, et al. High-dose
prednisolone after intravenous methylprednisolone improves prognosis
of acute exacerbation in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respirology.
2017;22:1363–70.
Jang HJ, Yong SH, Leem AY, Lee SH, Kim SY, Lee SH, et al. Corticosteroid
responsiveness in patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease
admitted to the emergency department. Sci Rep. 2021;11:5762.
Arabi YM, Fowler R, Hayden FG. Critical care management of adults with
community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection. Intensive Care Med.
2020;46:315–28.
Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, et al. A
practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of
systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9:30.
Mathai SC, Danoff SK. Management of interstitial lung disease associated
with connective tissue disease. BMJ. 2016;352:h6819.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
...