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Studies on the prevention of influenza by vitamin D metabolite and vaccine in mice

林, 裕貴 北海道大学

2021.03.25

概要

A型インフルエンザウイルスはヒトや動物のインフルエンザの病原ウイルスの一つである。ウイルスの宿主レセプターへの結合特異性の違いにより鳥のインフルエンザウイルスがヒトへと直接感染することはほとんどない。一方、ブタは呼吸上皮細胞に鳥型およびヒト型レセプターを発現しており、鳥とヒトの両方のインフルエンザウイルスに感染する。そのため2つのウイルスの遺伝子再集合体がブタで生まれ、新型インフルエンザウイルスが出現することが過去のパンデミックから明らかになっている。新型インフルエンザウイルスはヒトの季節性インフルエンザウイルスとは抗原性が異なるので、従来のワクチンでは有効な免疫が誘導されない。そのため、将来の新型インフルエンザウイルスの出現に備えた予防法の確立が必要である。そこで、本研究ではビタミンD代謝物による抗原非特異的な免疫の調節、およびワクチンによる抗原特異的な免疫の誘導によるインフルエンザに対する予防効果をマウスを用いて評価した。

 第一章では、ビタミンD代謝産物25(OH)D3の抗インフルエンザウイルス効果を評価した。ビタミンDは脂溶性ビタミンの一種であり、小腸で吸収されたのち肝臓で代謝され、25(OH)D3となり、腎臓で活性型の1,25(OH)2Dとなる。1,25(OH)2DはビタミンDレセプターに結合し、抗炎症性作用を誘導するが、血中における半減期は15時間と短い。そこで1,25(OH)2Dの前駆体であり、血中における半減期が15日と長く、さらに小腸で吸収されやすい25(OH)D3の経口給餌によるインフルエンザに対する予防効果を、マウスを用いた感染実験で評価した。その結果、25(OH)D3の7週間の給餌により、血中に十分な量の25(OH)D3および代謝産物の24,25(OH)2D3が検出された。さらにこれらのマウスをA/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)で攻撃したところ、肺から回収されるウイルス量が減少し、体重減少や死亡率の軽減も認められた。また、これらのマウスにおいて炎症性サイトカインの産生抑制が認められた。以上より、25(OH)D3の継続的な経口補給はインフルエンザに対する効果的な予防法となることが示唆された。

 第二章では、H4亜型インフルエンザウイルスによるパンデミックに備えるためのワクチン株の選抜および試製されたワクチンの評価を行った。H4亜型インフルエンザウイルスはA型インフルエンザウイルスの自然宿主である野生水禽内で維持されているが、ブタへの感染も散発的に報告されている。そのためH4亜型インフルエンザウイルスがブタを介して新型インフルエンザウイルスとして出現することが危惧される。そこで、2015年に米国でブタから分離されたA/swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015(H4N6)(MO/15)に対するワクチン株を遺伝子、抗原性をもとに当研究室のウイルスライブラリーから選抜後、全粒子不活化ワクチンを試製し、マウスで評価した。その結果、ワクチン株として選抜されたA/swan/Hokkaido/481102/2017(H4N6)を用いて試製されたワクチンはマウスに対して高い免疫原性を示し、誘導された抗体はMO/15株に対して高い交差反応性を示した。さらに、これらの免疫されたマウスをMO/15株で攻撃したところ、肺から回収されるウイルス量が減少し、体重減少や死亡率の軽減も認められた。以上より、ウイルスライブラリーから試製した不活化全粒子ワクチンが、H4亜型ウイルスの感染に対して有用であり、将来のパンデミックインフルエンザへの効果的な予防法となることが示唆された。

 以上の結果から、ビタミンD代謝物による抗原非特異的な免疫の調節、およびワクチンによる抗原特異的な免疫の誘導によるインフルエンザに対する予防効果を確認することができた。これらの成績は、将来起こりうるインフルエンザパンデミックに対する予防法の確立に有用であることが示された。

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