1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging
products. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032095. Published July 2021. Accessed March 15,
2022.
GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking
tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic
analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–2360. doi:10.1016/
S0140-6736(21)01169-7.
Oppeltz RF, Jatoi I. Tobacco and the escalating global cancer burden. J Oncol. 2011;2011:408104.
doi:10.1155/2011/408104.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ending the tobacco epidemic: a tobacco control strategic
action plan for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/
ash/initiatives/tobacco/tobaccostrategicplan2010.pdf. Published November 2010. Accessed April 2, 2022.
Koh HK, Sebelius KG. Ending the tobacco epidemic. JAMA. 2012;308(8):767–768. doi:10.1001/
jama.2012.9741.
Hoffman SJ, Mammone J, Rogers Van Katwyk S, et al. Cigarette consumption estimates for 71 countries
from 1970 to 2015: systematic collection of comparable data to facilitate quasi-experimental evaluations of
national and global tobacco control interventions. BMJ. 2019;365:l2231. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2231.
Drope J, Schluger NW, eds. The Tobacco Atlas. 6th Edition. Georgia: American Cancer Society Inc.; 2018.
World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use
and prevention policies. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255874. Published November 2017. Accessed
April 2, 2022.
Japan Health Promotion & Fitness Foundation. Japan Tobacco Inc. Japan smoking rate survey, 1965–2018
[in Japanese]. http://www.health-net.or.jp/tobacco/menu02.html. Accessed March 20, 2022.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan, 2018 [in Japanese].
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000681200.pdf. Accessed October 20, 2021.
Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries,
1980–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(2):183–192. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
Banks E, Joshy G, Weber MF, et al. Tobacco smoking and all-cause mortality in a large Australian cohort
study: findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence. BMC Med. 2015;13:38.
doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0281-z.
Müezzinler A, Mons U, Gellert C, et al. Smoking and all-cause mortality in older adults: Results from the
CHANCES Consortium. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):e53-e63. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.004.
Yang JJ, Yu D, Shu XO, et al. Reduction in total and major cause-specific mortality from tobacco
smoking cessation: a pooled analysis of 16 population-based cohort studies in Asia. Int J Epidemiol.
2022;50(6):2070–2081. doi:10.1093/ije/dyab087.
Choi SH, Stommel M. Impact of age at smoking initiation on smoking-related morbidity and all-cause
Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 85. 691–712, 2023
710
doi:10.18999/nagjms.85.4.691
Smoking cessation and mortality risks
mortality. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(1):33–41. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.009.
16 Planas A, Clará A, Marrugat J, et al. Age at onset of smoking is an independent risk factor in peripheral
artery disease development. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(3):506–509. doi:10.1067/mva.2002.120030.
17 Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung
cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ.
2000;321(7257):323–329. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.323.
18 Khuder SA. Effect of cigarette smoking on major histological types of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung
Cancer. 2001;31(2–3):139–148. doi:10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00181-1.
19 Schöllnberger H, Manuguerra M, Bijwaard H, et al. Analysis of epidemiological cohort data on smoking
effects and lung cancer with a multi-stage cancer model. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(7):1432–1444. doi:10.1093/
carcin/bgi345.
20 Hymowitz N. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: pediatric roots. Lung Cancer Int. 2012;2012:790841.
doi:10.1155/2012/790841.
21 Hegmann KT, Fraser AM, Keaney RP, et al. The effect of age at smoking initiation on lung cancer risk.
Epidemiology. 1993;4(5):444–448. doi:10.1097/00001648-199309000-00010.
22 Funatogawa I, Funatogawa T, Yano E. Impacts of early smoking initiation: long-term trends of lung
cancer mortality and smoking initiation from repeated cross-sectional surveys in Great Britain. BMJ Open.
2012;2(5):e001676. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001676.
23 Thomson B, Emberson J, Lacey B, Lewington S, Peto R, Islami F. Association of smoking initiation and
cessation across the life course and cancer mortality: prospective study of 410 000 US adults. JAMA Oncol.
2021;7(12):1901–1903. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.4949.
24 Ye L, Yang J, Li J, et al. Cigarette smoking and all-cause mortality in rural Chinese male adults: 15-year
follow-up of the Aging cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):696. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10691-2.
25 Tamakoshi A, Ozasa K, Fujino Y, et al. Cohort profile of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study at final
follow-up. J Epidemiol. 2013;23(3):227–232. doi:10.2188/jea.je20120161.
26 Streppel MT, Boshuizen HC, Ocké MC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Mortality, and life expectancy in relation
to long-term cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking: the Zutphen Study. Tob Control. 2007;16(2):107–113.
doi:10.1136/tc.2006.017715.
27 Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation
in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):341–350. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1211128.
28 DiFranza JR. A 2015 update on the natural history and diagnosis of nicotine addiction. Curr Pediatr Rev.
2015;11(1):43–55. doi:10.2174/1573396311666150501002703.
29 Wiencke JK, Thurston SW, Kelsey KT, et al. Early age at smoking initiation and tobacco carcinogen DNA
damage in the lung. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(7):614–619. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.7.614.
30 Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male
British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328(7455):1519. doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE.
31 Honjo K, Iso H, Tsugane S, et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on mortality from
cardiovascular disease among Japanese: pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies in Japan. Tob
Control. 2010;19(1):50–57. doi:10.1136/tc.2009.029751.
32 Ikeda F, Ninomiya T, Doi Y, et al. Smoking cessation improves mortality in Japanese men: the Hisayama
study. Tob Control. 2012;21(4):416–421. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.039362.
33 Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, et al. Smoking cessation and mortality from cardiovascular disease among
Japanese men and women: the JACC Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(2):170–179. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi027.
34 Burke A, Fitzgerald GA. Oxidative stress, and smoking-induced vascular injury. Prog Cardiovasc Dis.
2003;46(1):79–90. doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00076-8.
35 Takajo Y, Ikeda H, Haramaki N, Murohara T, Imaizumi T. Augmented oxidative stress of platelets in
chronic smokers. Mechanisms of impaired platelet-derived nitric oxide bioactivity and augmented platelet
aggregability. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(5):1320–1327. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01583-2.
36 Newby DE, Wright RA, Labinjoh C, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, impaired endogenous fibrinolysis,
and cigarette smoking: a mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation.
1999;99(11):1411–1415. doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.11.1411.
37 Bakhru A, Erlinger TP. Smoking cessation and cardiovascular disease risk factors: results from the Third
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS Med. 2005;2(6):e160. doi:10.1371/journal.
pmed.0020160.
38 Morita H, Ikeda H, Haramaki N, Eguchi H, Imaizumi T. Only two-week smoking cessation improves
platelet aggregability and intraplatelet redox imbalance of long-term smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;45(4):589–594. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.061.
Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 85. 691–712, 2023
711
doi:10.18999/nagjms.85.4.691
Sulaiman Haares Zuhal et al
39 Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(14):1194–1210.
doi:10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194.
40 Sopori ML, Kozak W. Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke. J Neuroimmunol. 1998;83(1–2):148–
156. doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00231-2.
41 Huxley RR, Yatsuya H, Lutsey PL, Woodward M, Alonso A, Folsom AR. Impact of age at smoking
initiation, dosage, and time since quitting on cardiovascular disease in african americans and whites: the
atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(8):816–826. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr391.
42 Forey B, Hamling J, Hamling J, Thornton A, Lee P. International Smoking Statistics: A collection of
worldwide historical data Japan. Web ed. http://www.pnlee.co.uk/ISS_Summary.htm. Published Dec 2016.
Accessed June 10, 2022.
References End
Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 85. 691–712, 2023
712
doi:10.18999/nagjms.85.4.691
...