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Figure legends
Figure 1. Effect of NAM, NA, NAD, and hemin on the growth and final pH of S. wiggsiae.
46
(A) The increase of bacterial growth until 96 hours; (B) The final pH.
Date ware calculated as follow; ΔOD = (OD at 96 hour) – (OD at 0 hour).
Figure 2. Effects of NAM, NAD, and hemin on the acidic end-products. These data show
the proportion of acidic end-products, acetate, formate, and lactate.
Figure 3. A, Synergy effect of NAD and hemin on bacterial growth; B, Synergy effect of
NAD and hemin on the proportion of acidic end-products.
Date ware calculated as follow; ΔOD = (OD at 96 hour) – (OD at 0 hour).
Figure 4. Proposed biosynthetic pathways of S. wiggsiae and H. influensae for NAD
production and enzymes which catalyze these pathways; NAM, Nicotinamide; NAD,
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
NA, nicotinic acid;
mononucleotide; NR, nicotinamide riboside.
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NMN,
nicotinamide
48
49
50
51
Conclusion
The present study (Chapters I and II) revealed that S. wiggsiae had high acid-productivity
and fluoride tolerance due a unique metabolic pathway F6PPK-shunt. These abilities were
also exhibited in low pH environments, suggesting this bacterium possess high cariesinduce potential. In addition, it was found that NAD and hemin, which are blood
components, and NAM which is a precursor of NAD, promoted the growth and acid
production of S. wiggsiae. In ECC, due to poor oral hygiene, gingivitis with bleeding is
frequently observed along with caries, suggesting that ECC may provide an acidic
environment rich in blood components in which S. wiggsiae grows and exhibits high
cariogenicity. In the present study, we clarified the biochemical characteristics involve in
sugar metabolism and growth promotion in S. wiggsiae, and gained insight into the
contribution of this bacterium to ECC.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Nobuhiro Takahashi
of Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of
Dentistry, and Prof. Itaru Mizoguchi of Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, for their direction and
review throughout the whole process of research.
Additionally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Yuki Abiko, Dr.
Jumpei Washio, Prof. Anne C. R. Tanner, and Dr. Christine A. Kressirer, for their
elaborated guidance, considerable encouragement, and invaluable discussion that make
my research of great achievement.
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