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Taxonomy and morphology of Cenozoic silicoflagellates

Abe Kenta 山形大学

2020.03.31

概要

Although silicoflagellates have been studied for over 150 years there are still fundamental questions that need to be answered regarding their taxonomy and the function of certain skeletal elements. Species and generic concepts have changed over time, often without reference to the original descriptions of Ehrenberg, who based much of his taxonomy on the presence or absence of pikes. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are to review Ehrenberg’s concepts by studying his type materials, and to determine the significance of pikes in silicoflagellate taxonomy and their role in double skeleton formation.

To achieve these aims, Ehrenberg’s type materials from Richmond (USA), Caltanisetta (Italy), Oran (Algeria) and Aegina (Greece) were re-examined, as well as numerous modern and Cenozoic deep-sea drilling and outcrop samples from around the world.

Ehrenberg described the four-sided Dictyocha fibula and six-sided D. speculum from the late Miocene samples of Oran, both without pikes, and the four-sided D. epiodon and six-sided D. aculeata from Richmond and Aegina, respectively, with pikes. A re-evaluation of the samples confirmed the presence of these taxa, and although some D. aculeata skeletons lacked one or two pikes, it is assumed that the absence/presence of pikes is a stable taxonomic feature, since silicoflagellate cultures do not contain a mixture of pike-bearing and pike-less skeletons.

Early workers were aware of double skeletons and pikes, but their association was poorly understood and most of the published double skeletons were line drawings. However, in this study, the intimate relationship between pike position and double skeleton arrangement has been revealed in both modern and fossil species using light and scanning electron microscopy. In particular, pike position appears to determine whether the double skeleton is aligned in a corner-to-corner or Star-of-David configuration. The latter is usually found in older sediments (Late Cretaceous-early Miocene), while today only corner-to-corner double skeletons can be found.

While daughter skeletons are sometimes thinner than the parent skeletons, a study of modern assemblages off Japan showed that thin skeletons were largely present in the nutrient-poor waters of the Kuroshio, and thicker ones in the nutrient-rich waters of the Seto Inland Sea. Modern double skeletons of Octactis pulchra also demonstrated how fossil pike-less taxa may have formed double skeletons using an organic cement. In addition, some O. pulchra double skeletons were composed of skeletons with a different number of basal sides or with two aberrant skeletons, while incomplete daughter skeletons have been observed confirming Hovasse’s original findings.

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