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TOOL-USE ACTIONS IN ASD CHILDREN
Table 1: Profiles of participants
ASD
66 (8.96)
Number of participants
Boys
Girls
Age in months; mean
(SD)
FSIQ; mean (SD)
82.4 (9.56)
VCI; mean (SD)
82.1 (13.99)
SRS score; (SD)
73.1 (16.49)
DCDQ score; mean (SD)
39.6 (13.68)
ASD: children with ASD
TD: typically developed children
FSIQ: Full Scale Intelligence Quotient.
VCI: Verbal Comprehension Index.
SRS: Social Responsiveness Scale.
DCDQ: Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire.
* p < .005
TD
62.5 (12.4)
104.8*(10.36)
104.6 *(9.38)
45.75*(4.09)
68*(11.47)
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TOOL-USE ACTIONS IN ASD CHILDREN
Table 2: Ten sets of tools and actions used in the present study and the pictures used in Task 2
(see text). Each set of four pictures includes a correct tool and three incorrect objects in different
categories.
Tool and
action
Practice Phone and
calling
Spoon and
scooping ice
cream
Glass and
drinking water
Knife and
cutting a
vegetable
Key and
unlocking a
door
Comb and
combing hair
Screwdriver
and turning a
screw
Toothbrush
and brushing
teeth
Hammer and
hitting a nail
Scissors and
cutting a piece
of paper
Pencil and
10
writing
Correct
tool
Phone
Pictures
Incorrect objects and category of
objects
Function
Semantic
Motoric
associate
String
Phone book
Hammer
telephone
Spoon
Chopsticks
Cup &
saucer
Scoop
Glass
Tea cap
Water
pitcher
Banana
Knife
Scissors
Carrot
Saw
Key
Key ring
Lock
Screwdriver
Comb
Brush
Hair
Hat
Screwdriver
Chisel
Screw
Key
Toothbrush
Brush
Cup
Eraser
Hammer
Spanner
Nail
Drumsticks
Scissors
Shears
Paper
Pliers
Pencil
Ruler
Notepad
Needle
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TOOL-USE ACTIONS IN ASD CHILDREN
Table 3: Classification of behavioral error (modified from Rothi et al. 1997)
Error
type
Error sub-type
Description
Spatial
Amplitude
Amplification reduction or irregularity of
amplitude/position in space
Internal
configuration
Abnormality of finger/hand posture with target tool
External
configuration
Abnormality of finger/hand/arm relationship with
the object as the target of the action
Movement
Any disturbance of the characteristic action
required to complete the goal
Concretization
Mimicking the use of a real object not usually used
in the task
Perseverative
Response includes all/part of a previous response
Related
An accurate mime associated with the target
Nonrelated
A real and accurate mime not associated with the
target
Hand
Not using a tool, e.g., tearing paper when target is
scissors
Sequencing
Movement structure recognizable but addition,
deletion, or inaccurate order of sequence
Timing
Alteration of timing/speed (including increase,
decrease, or irregular)
Occurrence
Representative production of single movements or
single production of multiple movements
Content
Temporal
Body part for tool (BPT)
Using fingers, hands, or arms as a part of a tool
instead tool-using movement of body parts
Other
No response
Participant shows no response to request
Unrecognizable
response
Shares no spatial or temporal features with target
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TOOL-USE ACTIONS IN ASD CHILDREN
Table 4: Correct action rate and types of errors during action tasks. Grey rows: significant
difference between ASD and typically developed (TD) children (p<0.05, t-test with FDR).
ASD
TD
p-value
Correct action rate in 30 actions (%)
Total
60.4 (33.3 to 80.0)
79.6 (53.3 to 93.3)
.02
Performing an action
without the tool
following verbal
command (Task 1)
43.8 (10 to 80)
67.5 (30 to 90)
.08
Imitating (Task 2)
48.8 (20 to 70)
77.5 (40 to 100)
.007
Using tool (Task 3)
88.8 (60 to 100)
93.8 (90 to 100)
0.56
33.8 (0 to 80)
55.0 (30 to 80)
.08
43.5 (0 to 80)
82.5 (60 to 100)
.005
68.8 (20 to 90)
83.3 (80 to 100)
0.46
Tool naming
(Task 2)
Tool selection
(Task 2)
Tool naming
(Tasks 3)
Number of errors in 30 actions
Total
95 (6 to 20)
49 (2 to 14)
.02
Spatial
44 (4 to 9)
15 (0 to 3)
.001
Content
9 (0 to 3)
5 (0 to 2)
0.19
Temporal
1 (0 to 1)
1 (0 to 1)
0.5
BPT
26 (0 to 7)
21 (1 to 6)
0.42
Other
15 (0 to 6)
7 (0 to 3)
0.2
Rate of error type (%) in erroneous actions
Spatial
46.3 (29.4 to 90.0)
30.6 (0 to 50)
0.25
Content
9.5 (0 to 27.3)
10.2 (0 to 25)
0.41
Temporal
1.1 (0 to 14.3)
2.0 (0 to 7.1)
0.93
BPT
27.4 (0 to 53.8)
42.9 (25 to 100)
.04
Other
BPT: Body part for tool
15.8 (0 to 30)
14.3 (0 to 37.5)
0.54
...
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