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Acknowledgements
The current research was mainly supported by the Environmental Research and Technology Development Fund of
the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency (ERCA) (JPMEERF20165005 and JPMEERF20165051).
It was also supported by the Fundamental Research Budget of MRI (M5 and P5), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS) (KAKENHI grant nos. JP19H01155, JP19K19468, JP25870447, JP20H00636), and the
Joint Research Program of Arid Land Research Centter, Tottori University (No. 27C2001, 28D20056, 30D2003,
and 02C2010). The authors thank Prof. Kazuichi Hayakawa of Kanazawa University for his useful comments
on the importance of quinones and Mr. Takuya Kishikawa of the University of Tsukuba for the provided data
handling assistance.
Author contributions
M.K. designed the research and conducted the numerical simulations. M.K. wrote the manuscript in collaboration with all coauthors. Y. I. organized the research group, H. H., T. M., and T. F. provided information on the
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emission inventories, Y. F. provided the experimental data for the oxidative potential determination, and K. O.,
and T. O. provided the field measurement data of the metals in TSP.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing of interests.
Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.K.
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