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Development of novel surface coating material with dual functionality of antibacterial activity and protein repellency

Thongthai, Pasiree 大阪大学 DOI:10.18910/82139

2021.03.24

概要

[Objective]
One of the effective approaches for preventing infectious diseases caused by bacterial biofilm formation on restorative and prosthodontic materials is to provide these materials with antibacterial activities. 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyrimidinium bromide (MDPB) is a polymerizable bactericide, developed to immobilize the antibacterial component on resinous materials. Hence, it is beneficial to use MDPB as a surface coating for resinous restorative/prosthetic materials. However, the effectiveness of immobilized MDPB is reduced by coverage with salivary protein. The addition of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer, which possesses protein repellency, is considered to be a useful strategy to address this limitation.

The purpose of this study was to fabricate a novel, dual-functional surface coating material composed of MDPB and MPC and to evaluate its protein-repellency and antibacterial/antibiofilm effects.

[Materials and Methods]
1. Synthesis of copolymers and coating of dental resins
1.1. Synthesis of copolymers and preparation of surface coatings: The copolymer was synthesized by radical polymerization of MDPB, MPC, and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) in five different molar ratios: 0/30/70 (D0/C30), 5/25/70 (D5/C25), 15/15/70 (D15/C15), 25/5/70 (D25/C5), and 30/0/70 (D30/C0). Fluorescein O-methacrylate was introduced into copolymers to obtain fluorescein-conjugated copolymer (f-copolymer). Five types of each coating were prepared by dissolving each copolymer in ethanol and adjusting their concentrations to 0.5 wt%.

1.2. Evaluation of surface coating ability: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin and resin composite disc (10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were prepared and coated with each fcopolymer. The uncoated PMMA disc was used as a control. The coated surface was visualized using a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence intensity was analyzed.

1.3. Contact angle measurement: Dynamic contact angles were recorded on the coated PMMA surface.

2. Evaluation of protein adsorption on the copolymer-coated resin
2.1. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA): The PMMA disc coated with each copolymer was immersed in BSA for 2 h. The amount of BSA adsorbed was determined by using a micro BCA protein assay kit. Additionally, FITC-conjugated BSA was used to visualize adsorbed protein by fluorescence microscopy on the disc coated with D0/30, D15/C15, or D30/C0. 2.2. Adsorption of human saliva protein: Quantitative measurement of human salivary protein adsorption was determined as described in section 2.1.

3. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of the copolymer-coated resin
3.1. On-disc culture assay: The PMMA disc with a cylindrical cavity well (7 mm diameter and 1 mm depth) was prepared. Twenty µL of Streptococcus mutans NTCT10449 suspension adjusted to 1 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL was inoculated into the well of the specimen coated with each copolymer. After anaerobic incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the number of viable bacteria was counted

3.2. Evaluation of longevity of antibacterial effects: The disc coated with D0/30, D15/C15, or D30/C0 was aged by immersion in sterilized distilled water at 37˚C for 28 days, and the same experiment as described above was performed.

4. Evaluation of anti-biofilm effects of the copolymer-coated resin
4.1. Biofilm formation on copolymer-coated resin: Biofilm formation on the PMMA disc coated with D0/30, D15/C15, or D30/C0 was evaluated before and after 28-day ageing. The coated specimen was immersed in human saliva for 2 h and placed in a suspension of S. mutans adjusted to approximately 1 × 106 CFU/mL, and cultured for 48 h at 37˚C. Then, the specimen was transferred to a fresh bacterial suspension at 6 and 24 h.

4.2. Evaluation of biofilms formed on the copolymer-coated resin: The adherence of the biofilm was visualized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thickness of the biofilm formed on the surface and the viability of bacteria in the biofilm were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) after LIVE/DEAD staining.

[Results and Discussion]
1. Using fluorescence microscopy, all five f-copolymers prepared were confirmed to be coated on the PMMA or resin composite by exhibiting brighter fluorescence than bare resins. The advancing and receding contact angles were significantly smaller on the PMMA surface coated with MPC (p < .05, Tukey’s HSD test), indicating an increase in the hydrophilicity upon incorporating the MPC polymer.

2. The copolymer containing ≥15% MPC (D0/C30, D5/C25, and D15/C15) significantly reduced the adsorption of BSA and salivary protein (p < .05, Tukey’s HSD test). On the contrary, the coating without MPC (D30/C0) and the control exhibited bright fluorescence of FICT-BSA, indicating greater BSA adsorption compared with MPC-containing coatings.

3. Although S. mutans demonstrated growth on the disc coated with D0/C30 and D5/C25, bactericidal effects were obtained when incubated on the specimens coated with copolymer containing ≥15% MDPB (D15/C15, D25/C5, and D30/C0). No significant difference in the number of viable S. mutans after 24-hour incubation was found between the specimens before and after 28-day ageing for D0/30, D15/C15, and D30/C0 groups (p ˂ .05, Student’s t-test).

4. CLSM and SEM images of D0/C30 and D15/C15 showed sparser biofilm formation than the control, and the biofilm thickness of these groups were significantly smaller than for other groups (p < .05, Tukey’s HSD test). Additionally, D15/C15 demonstrated a greater percentage of dead bacteria (p ˂ .05, Tukey’s HSD test). After aging, the biofilm thickness formed on the coated specimens was consistent, as in before aging (p > .05, Student’s t-test). The percentage of dead bacteria was also found to be similar before and after aging (p > .05, Student’s t-test).

[Conclusion]
Due to the ability of MPC polymer to inhibit protein adsorption, the coating composed of ≥15% MPC inhibited the adsorption of protein, which is required for the initial step of biofilm formation. Additionally, ≥15% MDPB in the copolymer exhibited bactericidal effects due to its killing of S. mutans upon contact. Accordingly, the copolymer composed of 15% MDPB/15% MPC demonstrated both protein adsorption inhibition and an antibacterial effect on S. mutans biofilm formation; these functions were effective even after aging. This novel, dual-functional surface coating can be applied to a variety of dental resins for controlling the growth of bacteria in an oral environment.

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