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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Tara Oceans consortium, the EukBank consortium, and the people and

sponsors who supported the Tara Oceans Expedition (http://www.embl.de/taraoceans/) for making the data accessible. This is contribution number 146 of the Tara

Oceans Expedition 2009–2013. Computational time was provided by the Supercomputer System, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University. This work was

supported by JSPS/KAKENHI (Nos. 18H02279 and 19H05667 to HO), the Collaborative

Research Program of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University (2020–29

to KT), and JST SPRING, Grant Number JPMJSP2110 (to HK), France Génomique (ANR10-INBS-09 to PW), a CNES postdoc fellowship 2019–2021 to REH, ERC Advanced

Award Diatomic (Grant agreement No. 835067 to CB), and the Horizon Europe project

‘Marco-Bolo’ (Grant Agreement No. 101082021 to CB). We thank Leonie Seabrook,

PhD, from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

HK designed the study, performed most of the bioinformatics analyses and wrote the

initial manuscript. HE, RN, KT, and HO contributed to the design of the work and

supervised HK. NH, CB, FM, and CdV performed the amplicon sequence data

processing and annotation. JP, KL, OB, and PW treated biological samples and

performed sequencing. REH, SC, LK-B, EB, and CB provided expertise in marine

biology. Tara Oceans Coordinators (SGA, MB, PB, EB, CB, GC, CdV, GG, LG, NG, PH, DI,

OJ, SK, LK-B, EK, FN, HO, NP, SP, CS, SS, LS, MBS, SS, and PW) contributed to the

expeditionary infrastructure needed for global ocean sampling, sample processing,

and data production. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and

finalization of the manuscript.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare no competing interests.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material

available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-023-00308-7.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Kentaro Tomii or

Hiroyuki Ogata.

Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/

reprints

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© The Author(s) 2023

TARA OCEANS COORDINATORS

Silvia G. Acinas15, Marcel Babin16, Peer Bork17,18,19, Emmanuel Boss 13, Chris Bowler10, Guy Cochrane 20, Colomban de Vargas21,

Gabriel Gorsky22, Lionel Guidi22,23, Nigel Grimsley24,25, Pascal Hingamp26, Daniele Iudicone 27, Olivier Jaillon 7, Stefanie Kandels28,

Lee Karp-Boss 13, Eric Karsenti10,28, Fabrice Not4, Hiroyuki Ogata 1 ✉, Nicole Poulton 29, Stéphane Pesant 30, Christian Sardet22,31,

Sabrina Speich32,33, Lars Stemmann22, Matthew B. Sullivan 34,35, Shinichi Sunagawa 36 and Patrick Wincker 7

15

Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 16Département de biologie, Québec Océan and Takuvik Joint

International Laboratory (UMI3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada. 17Structural and Computational Biology, European

Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. 18Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany. 19Department of

Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. 20European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Welcome

Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. 21CNRS, UMR 7144, EPEP & Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France.

22

Sorbonne Université, UMR7093 Laboratoire d’océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. 23Department

of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. 24CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM, Avenue de Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. 25Sorbonne Universités Paris

06, OOB UPMC, Avenue de Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. 26Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France. 27Stazione Zoologica Anton

Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. 28European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. 29Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East

Boothbay, ME 04544, USA. 30European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. 31CNRS,

UMR 7009 Biodev, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. 32Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, UBO-IUEM, Place Copernic, 29820 Plouzané, France.

33

Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. 34Department of

Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA. 35Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

43214, USA. 36Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

ISME Communications

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