1. The World Health Organization (WHO). Data on maternal mortality: http://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/maternal-mortality Published 2019. Accessed December 23, 2019.
2. UNICEF. UNICEF data on maternal mortality: https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/.
Published 2019. Accessed December 23, 2019.
3. Bauserman M, Lokangaka A, Thorsten V, et al. Risk factors for maternal death and trends in maternal
mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a prospective longitudinal cohort analysis. Reprod Health.
2015;12 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2):S5. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-12-S2-S5
4. Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS). Afghan Public Health Institute, Ministry of Public Health (APHI/
MoPH) [Afghanistan], Central Statistics Organization (CSO) [Afghanistan], ICF Macro, Indian Institute of
722
Raz Mohammad Khan Khankhell et al
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Health Management Research (IIHMR) [India], and World Health Organization Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO) [Egypt]. 2011.
The World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory data repository: http://apps.who.int/gho/
data/node.main.15?lang=en.%20Accessed%2027%20January%202018. Published 2019. Accessed December
23, 2019.
AfDHS 2015. Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015. Central Statistics Organization (CSO),
Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), and ICF. Kabul: Ministry of Public Health. 2017.
The World Health Organization (WHO). Data on maternal health: http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mdg5_mm/atlas.html Published 2015. Accessed December 23, 2019.
Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment. Kabul: Ministry of Public
Health, Afghanistan. 2007.
Warren C, Daly P, Toure L, & Mongi P. Postnatal care. In lord D, Wake R, Elder L, Grear, K, & Antayhua
A (Eds.), Opportunities for Africa’s Newborns. 2008;80. Cape Town, South Africa, Mills Litho.
Kuruvilla S, Bustreo F, Kuo T, et al. The Global strategy for women’s, children’s and adolescents’
health (2016–2030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience. Bull World Health Organ.
2016;94(5):398–400. doi: 10.2471/BLT.16.170431
Mrisho M, Obrist B, Schellenberg JA, et al. The use of antenatal and postnatal care: perspectives and
experiences of women and health care providers in rural southern Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.
2009;9:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-9-10.
The World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Technical Consultation on Postpartum and Postnatal Care.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70432/WHO_MPS_ 10.03_eng.pdf Published 2010. Accessed
December 23, 2019.
The World Health Organization (WHO). Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Retrieved 2019,
from World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/97603/9789241506649_eng.
pdf Published 2013. Accessed December 23, 2019.
Afghanistan National Health Policy (NHP). 2015–2020. MoPH pp.13–39. Kabul: Ministry of Public Health,
Afghanistan. 2015.
Khanal V, Adhikari M, Karkee R, Gavidia T. Factors associated with the utilisation of postnatal care services
among the mothers of Nepal: analysis of Nepal demographic and health survey 2011. BMC Womens Health.
2014;14:19. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-19.
Gehendra M, Collins A, Kai C, et al. Utilization of ANC and PNC services in Nepal: A multivariate analysis
based on Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2001 and 2006. Am J Health Res. 2015;3(6):318–327. doi:
10.11648/j.ajhr.20150306.11.
Tesfahun F, Worku W, Mazengiya F, Kifle M. Knowledge, Perception and Utilization of Postnatal
Care of Mothers in Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Matern Child Hlth J.
2014;18(10):2341–2351. doi: 10.1007/s10995-014-1474-3.
Dhaher E, Mikolajczyk RT, Maxwell AE, Krämer A. Factors associated with lack of postnatal care among
Palestinian women: A cross-sectional study of three clinics in the West Bank. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.
2008;8:26. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-8-26.
Rahman MM, Haque SE, Zahan MS. Factors affecting the utilisation of postpartum care among young mothers in Bangladesh. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(2):138–147. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00953.x.
Abebo T A, Tesfaye D J. Postnatal care utilization and associated factors among women of reproductive
age Group in Halaba Kulito Town, Southern Ethiopia. Arch Public Health. 2018;76:9. doi: 10.1186/s13690018-0256-6.
Probandari A, Arcita A, Kothijah K, Pamungkasari EP. Barriers to utilization of postnatal care at village
level in Klaten district, central Java Province, Indonesia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):541. doi:
10.1186/s12913-017-2490-y.
Akunga D, Menya D, Kabue M. Determinants of Postnatal Care Use in Kenya. Etude Popul Afr.
2014;28(3):1447–1459. doi: 10.11564/28-3-638.
Yunus A, Iqbal S, Munawar R, et al. Determinants of postnatal care services utilization in Pakistan- insights
from Pakistan demographic and health survey (PDHS) 2006–07. Middle East J Sci Res. 2013;18(10):1440–
1447. doi: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.18.10.12418.
Nankwanga A, Phillips J. Factors influencing utilization of postnatal service in Kampala, Uganda. J Clin
Health Sci. 2008;3(1).
Jat TR, Ng N, Sebastian MS. Factors affecting the use of maternal health services in Madhya Pradesh state
of India: a multilevel analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10:59.
Mohan D, Gupta S, LeFevre A, Bazant E, Killewo J, Baqui AH. Determinants of postnatal care use at
723
Utilization of PNC visits in Afghanistan
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. health facilities in rural Tanzania: multilevel analysis of a household survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.
2015;15:282. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0717-7.
Pal DR, Mehndiratta DA. Assessment of utilization of postnatal care services in tertiary care center of
Delhi. J Dental Med Sci. 2016;15(6):72–75. doi: 10.9790/0853-1506017275.
Hailu DA, Workineh YG. Factors affecting utilization of postnatal care service in Jabitena district, Amhara
region, Ethiopia. Sci J Public Health. 2014;2(3):169–176.
Izudi J, Akwang GD, Amongin D. Early postnatal care use by postpartum mothers in Mundri East County,
South Sudan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):442. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2402-1.
Fekadu GA, Ambaw F, Kidanie SA. Facility delivery and postnatal care services use among mothers who
attended four or more antenatal care visits in Ethiopia: further analysis of the 2016 demographic and health
survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2019;19(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2216-8.
Neupane S, Doku D. Utilization of Postnatal Care among Nepalese Women. Matern Child Health J.
2013;17(10):1922–1930. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-1218-1.
Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). National health strategy 2016–2020. Ministry of Public Health, Kabul,
Afghanistan, 2016.
Mon AS, Phyu MK, Thinkhamrop W, Thinkhamrop B. Utilization of full postnatal care services among
rural Myanmar women and its determinants: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res. 2018;7:1167. doi: 10.12688/
f1000research.15561.1.
Budhwani H, Hearld KR, Harbison H. Individual and Area Level Factors Associated with Prenatal, Delivery,
and Postnatal Care in Pakistan. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19(10):2138–2146. doi: 10.1007/s10995-0151726-x.
Bina G, Masaki M. Women’s Status, Household Structure and the Utilization of Maternal Health Services
in Nepal: Even primary-level education can significantly increase the chances of a woman using maternal
health care from a modem health facility. Asia Pac Popul J. 2001;16(1):23–44.
Khaki JJ, Sithole L. Factors associated with the utilization of postnatal care services among Malawian
women. Malawi Med J. 2019;31(1):2–11.
Takai IU, Dlakwa HD, Bukar M, Audu BM, Kwayabura AS. Factors responsible for under-utilization
of postnatal care services in Maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2015;18(3):109–115. doi:
10.4103/1118-8561.169282.
Regassa N. Antenatal and postnatal care service utilization in southern Ethiopia: a population-based study.
Afr Health Sci. 2011;11(3):390–397.
Shahram MS, Hamajima N, Reyer JA. Factors affecting maternal healthcare utilization in Afghanistan:
secondary analysis of Afghanistan Health Survey 2012. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2015;77(4):595–607.
Bwalya BB, Mulenga MC, Mulenga JN. Factors associated with postnatal care for newborns in Zambia:
analysis of the 2013- 14 Zambia demographic and health survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):418.
doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1612-1.
Singh PK, Rai RK, Alagarajan M, Singh L. Determinants of Maternity Care Services Utilization among
Married Adolescents in Rural India. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031666.
Azimi MW, Yamamoto E, Saw YM, et al. Factors associated with antenatal care visits in Afghanistan: secondary analysis of Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2019;81(1):121–131.
Steele AH, Burke J, Foshanji AI, et al. Barriers associated with care-seeking for institutional delivery among
rural women in three provinces in Afghanistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):246. doi: 10.1186/
s12884-018-1890-2.
Say L, Raine R. A systematic review of inequalities in the use of maternal health care in developing
countries: examining the scale of the problem and the importance of context. Bull World Health Organ.
2007;85(10):812–819. doi: 10.2471/BLT.06.035659.
Saeedzai SA, Sadaat I, Anwari Z, et al. Home-based records for poor mothers and children in Afghanistan, a
cross sectional population based study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):766. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7076-7.
The World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendation on antenatal care contact schedules. https://
extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/improving-health-system-performance/who-recommendation-antenatal-care-contactschedules Published 2018. Accessed December 23, 2019.
...