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5. Conclusion
In this study, we proposed a new medical checkup data analysis
method based on LiNGAM. In the proposed LiNGAM-beta, we can
quantitatively analyze the causal directions and strengths among health
checkup items. We adopted CF for missing value imputation of the
medical checkup data. We performed a causal effect analysis to identify
NAFLD severity factors from the medical checkup data based on the
proposed LiNGAM-beta. Since the causal relationships estimated by
LiNGAM-beta were consistent with previous reports on NAFLD pro
gression, it is appropriate to use the proposed method for causal analysis
of medical checkup data. In particular, our analysis indicated that BUN
is a candidate factor of NAFLD progression, although additional exper
iments and collection of clinical data are needed to confirm our result.
In future works, we will try to analyze medical checkup data
including binary or discrete variables, such as answers to questionnaires.
Since there has been an attempt to extend LiNGAM so that it can deal
with discrete variables [69], we will adopt such a method. We will apply
the proposed method to other types of EHR in order to identify unknown
factors of various diseases. As for clinical data, we will apply the pro
posed LiNGAM-beta with appropriate feature extraction and formatting,
and compare it with other existing methods.
Funding
This work was supported in part by JST PRESTO #JPMJPR1859.
Data availability statement
The health examination data will be made available by the corre
sponding author to colleagues who propose a reasonable scientific
request after approval by the institutional review board of the Japanese
Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
K. F is with Quadlytics Inc. as well as Nagoya University. M. K is with
Quadlytics Inc. as well as Kyoto University. H. K's laboratory is sup
ported by donations from Fukuda Lifetech Co., Ltd., Fukuda Life Tech
Keiji Co., Ltd., Tanaka Sleep Clinic, Akita Sleep Clinic, and Ai Ai Care
Co., Ltd., made to the Shiga University of Medical Science. Other authors
declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any com
mercial or financial relationship that could be construed as a potential
conflict of interest.
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