Dose-response relationship between diarrhea quantity and mortality in critical care patients: A retrospective cohort study

1.

Dionne JC, Mbuagbaw L, Devlin JW, Duprey MS, Cartin-Ceba R, Tsang J, et al. Diarrhea during critical

illness: a multicenter cohort study. Intensive Care Medicine. 2022; 48(5):570–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/

s00134-022-06663-8 PMID: 35411491

2.

Thibault R, Graf S, Clerc A, Delieuvin N, Heidegger C, Pichard C. Diarrhoea in the ICU: respective contribution of feeding and antibiotics. Critical Care. 2013; 17(4):R153. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12832

PMID: 23883438

3.

Reintam Blaser A, Malbrain MLNG, Starkopf J, Fruhwald S, Jakob SM, De Waele J, et al. Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of

the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems. Intensive Care Medicine. 2012; 38(3):384–94.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-011-2459-y PMID: 22310869

4.

Reintam A, Parm P, Kitus R, Kern H, Starkopf J. Gastrointestinal symptoms in intensive care patients.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009; 53(3):318–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01860.x

PMID: 19243317

5.

Hiesmayr M, Schindler K, Pernicka E, Schuh C, Schoeniger-Hekele A, Bauer P, et al. Decreased food

intake is a risk factor for mortality in hospitalised patients: the NutritionDay survey 2006. Clin Nutr. 2009;

28(5):484–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.05.013 PMID: 19573957

6.

Borges SL, Pinheiro BDV, Pace FHDL, Chebli JMF. Diarre´ia nosocomial em unidade de terapia intensiva: incidência e fatores de risco. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2008; 45(2):117–23.

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280806 February 13, 2023

10 / 13

PLOS ONE

Diarrhea quantity and mortality in critical care patients

7.

Ozgur M, Girgin NK, Akalin H, Iscimen R, Sinirtas M, Kahveci F. A retrospective evaluation of the

incidence and risk factors of nosocomial diarrhea in critically ill adult patients. Acta Medica. 2016;

32:741–6.

8.

Tirlapur N, Puthucheary ZA, Cooper JA, Sanders J, Coen PG, Moonesinghe SR, et al. Diarrhoea in the

critically ill is common, associated with poor outcome and rarely due to Clostridium difficile. Scientific

Reports. 2016; 6(1):24691. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24691 PMID: 27094447

9.

Wu TJ, Liu ZJ, Zhao YM, Yang CL, Zhang CY. [Clinical analysis of the factors related to diarrhea in

intensive care unit]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2004; 16(12):747–9. PMID: 15585152

10.

Jakob SM, Bu¨tikofer L, Berger D, Coslovsky M, Takala J. A randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate the effect of an enteral formulation designed to improve gastrointestinal tolerance in the critically ill

patient—the SPIRIT trial. Critical Care. 2017; 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1730-1 PMID:

28599662

11.

Vieira LV, Pedrosa LAC, Souza VS, Paula CA, Rocha R. Incidence of diarrhea and associated risk factors in patients with traumatic brain injury and enteral nutrition. Metab Brain Dis. 2018; 33(5):1755–60.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0287-2 PMID: 30014176

12.

Rodrigues de Barros J, Fraga Lobo IM, Melo Soares F, Ferreira de Almeida DSS. Factors associated

with diarrhea in a unit of intensive therapy: cohort study. NUTRICION CLINICA Y DIETETICA HOSPITALARIA. 2018; 38(2):122–7.

13.

Atasever AG, Ozcan PE, Kasali K, Abdullah T, Orhun G, Senturk E. The frequency, risk factors, and

complications of gastrointestinal dysfunction during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Therapeutics

and Clinical Risk Management. 2018;Volume 14:385–91. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S158492

PMID: 29503558

14.

Taito S, Kawai Y, Liu K, Ariie T, Tsujimoto Y, Banno M, et al. Diarrhea and patient outcomes in the intensive care unit: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2019; 53:142–8. https://doi.org/10.

1016/j.jcrc.2019.06.014 PMID: 31238230

15.

Altman DG, Royston P. The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ. 2006; 332(7549):1080.1.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1080 PMID: 16675816

16.

Dawson NV, Weiss R. Dichotomizing Continuous Variables in Statistical Analysis. Medical Decision

Making. 2012; 32(2):225–6.

17.

Wierdsma NJ, Peters JH, Weijs PJ, Keur MB, Girbes AR, Van Bodegraven AA, et al. Malabsorption and

nutritional balance in the ICU: fecal weight as a biomarker: a prospective observational pilot study. Critical Care. 2011; 15(6):R264. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10530 PMID: 22071233

18.

Anigilaje EA. Management of Diarrhoeal Dehydration in Childhood: A Review for Clinicians in Developing Countries. Front Pediatr. 2018; 6:28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00028 PMID: 29527518

19.

Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the

Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting

Observational Studies. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007; 147(8):573. https://doi.org/10.7326/00034819-147-8-200710160-00010 PMID: 17938396

20.

Yamamoto R, Yamazaki H, Yamamoto S, Ueta Y, Ueno R, Yamamoto Y. Association between diarrhea

quantity and in-hospital mortality in intensive care unit patients: A retrospective cohort study. 02 September 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs859799/v1].

21.

Diarrhoeal disease 2017 [updated 2 May 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/factsheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease.

22.

Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, et al. Assessment of Clinical

Criteria for Sepsis. JAMA. 2016; 315(8):762.

23.

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity

in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40(5):373–83. https://doi.org/

10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 PMID: 3558716

24.

Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification

system. Crit Care Med. 1985; 13(10):818–29. PMID: 3928249

25.

Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a

European/North American multicenter study. Jama. 1993; 270(24):2957–63. https://doi.org/10.1001/

jama.270.24.2957 PMID: 8254858

26.

Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonc¸a A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsisrelated Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive

Care Med. 1996; 22(7):707–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01709751 PMID: 8844239

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280806 February 13, 2023

11 / 13

PLOS ONE

Diarrhea quantity and mortality in critical care patients

27.

O’Donnell LJ, Virjee J, Heaton KW. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of

intestinal transit rate. BMJ. 1990; 300(6722):439–40. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6722.439 PMID:

2107897

28.

Cook DJ, Johnstone J, Marshall JC, Lauzier F, Thabane L, Mehta S, et al. Probiotics: Prevention of

Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial—PROSPECT: a pilot trial. Trials. 2016; 17(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1495-x PMID: 27480757

29.

Koh H, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Shin JI, Chung KS. Simple diagnostic approach to childhood fecal retention

using the Leech score and Bristol stool form scale in medical practice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;

25(2):334–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06015.x PMID: 19817956

30.

Dionne JC, Sullivan K, Mbuagbaw L, Takaoka A, Duan EH, Alhazzani W, et al. Diarrhoea: interventions,

consequences and epidemiology in the intensive care unit (DICE-ICU): a protocol for a prospective multicentre cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019; 9(6):e028237. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028237

PMID: 31248929

31.

Caroff DA, Edelstein PH, Hamilton K, Pegues DA. The Bristol Stool Scale and Its Relationship to Clostridium difficile Infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2014; 52(9):3437–9. https://doi.org/10.1128/

JCM.01303-14 PMID: 25031446

32.

Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time. Scandinavian

Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997; 32(9):920–4. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529709011203 PMID:

9299672

33.

Bishop S, Young H, Goldsmith D, Buldock D, Chin M, Bellomo R. Bowel motions in critically ill patients:

a pilot observational study. Crit Care Resusc. 2010; 12(3):182–5. PMID: 21261576

34.

Schmidt SB, Kulig W, Winter R, Vasold AS, Knoll AE, Rollnik JD. The effect of a natural food based

tube feeding in minimizing diarrhea in critically ill neurological patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2019; 38

(1):332–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.007 PMID: 29358002

35.

Agus MSD, Wypij D, Hirshberg EL, Srinivasan V, Faustino EV, Luckett PM, et al. Tight Glycemic Control

in Critically Ill Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376(8):729–41. https://doi.org/10.

1056/NEJMoa1612348 PMID: 28118549

36.

Self WH, Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Wang L, Byrne DW, Collins SP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus

Saline in Noncritically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; 378(9):819–28.

37.

Zou G. A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Studies with Binary Data. American

Journal of Epidemiology. 2004; 159(7):702–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090 PMID: 15033648

38.

Holmberg MJ, Andersen LW. Estimating Risk Ratios and Risk Differences. JAMA. 2020; 324(11):1098.

39.

Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys: John Wiley & Sons; 2004.

40.

Groothuis-Oudshoorn K, Van Buuren S. Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat

Softw. 2011; 45(3):1–67.

41.

Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting Compared With Nonfasting Triglycerides and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Women. JAMA. 2007; 298(3):309. https://doi.org/10.

1001/jama.298.3.309 PMID: 17635891

42.

Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA. The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The

American Statistician. 2016; 70(2):129–33.

43.

Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Zimmerman JE, Bergner M, Bastos PG, et al. The APACHE III

prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest. 1991;

100(6):1619–36. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.6.1619 PMID: 1959406

44.

Lebak KJ, Bliss DZ, Savik K, Patten-Marsh KM. What’s New on Defining Diarrhea in Tube-Feeding

Studies? Clinical Nursing Research. 2003; 12(2):174–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/

1054773803012002005 PMID: 12741669

45.

Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S. Diarrhoea in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015; 21

(2):142–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188 PMID: 25692805

46.

Reintam Blaser A, Poeze M, Malbrain MLNG, Bjo¨rck M, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Starkopf J. Gastrointestinal symptoms during the first week of intensive care are associated with poor outcome: a prospective multicentre study. Intensive Care Medicine. 2013; 39(5):899–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/

s00134-013-2831-1 PMID: 23370829

47.

Kitsios GD, Morowitz MJ, Dickson RP, Huffnagle GB, McVerry BJ, Morris A. Dysbiosis in the intensive

care unit: Microbiome science coming to the bedside. J Crit Care. 2017; 38:84–91. https://doi.org/10.

1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.029 PMID: 27866110

48.

Mcdonald D, Ackermann G, Khailova L, Baird C, Heyland D, Kozar R, et al. Extreme Dysbiosis of the

Microbiome in Critical Illness. mSphere. 2016; 1(4):e00199–16.

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280806 February 13, 2023

12 / 13

PLOS ONE

Diarrhea quantity and mortality in critical care patients

49.

Duan J, Meng X, Liu S, Zhou P, Zeng C, Fu C, et al. Gut Microbiota Composition Associated With Clostridium difficile-Positive Diarrhea and C. difficile Type in ICU Patients. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection

Microbiology. 2020;10.

50.

Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, et al. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150(6):1393–407.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031 PMID: 27144627

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280806 February 13, 2023

13 / 13

...