1.
Gibbons IR. Cilia and flagella of eukaryotes. J Cell Biol. 1981; 91: 107–124.
2.
Satir P, Christensen ST. Overview of Structure and Function of Mammalian Cilia. Annu Rev Physiol.
2007; 69: 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141236 PMID: 17009929
3.
Carvalho-santos Z, Azimzadeh J, Pereira-leal JB, Bettencourt-dias M. Tracing the origins of centrioles,
cilia, and flagella. J Cell Biol. 2011; 195: 341.
4.
Fliegauf M, Benzing T, Omran H. When cilia go bad: cilia defects and ciliopathies. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.
2007; 8: 880–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2278 PMID: 17955020
5.
Luck DJL. Genetic and biochemical dissection of the eucaryotic flagellum. J Cell Biol. 1984; 98: 789–
794. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.98.3.789 PMID: 6230366
6.
Porter ME, Sale WS. The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases
and phosphatases that control motility. J Cell Biol. 2000; 151: 37–42.
7.
Satir P. Studies on cilia. 3. Further studies on the cilium tip and a “sliding filament” model of ciliary motility. J Cell Biol. 1968; 39: 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.39.1.77 PMID: 5678451
8.
Summers KE, Gibbons IR. Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella
of sea-urchin sperm Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1971; 68: 3092–3096. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.68.12.
3092 PMID: 5289252
9.
Yang P, Diener DR, Yang C, Kohno T, Pazour GJ, Dienes JM, et al. Radial spoke proteins of Chlamydomonas flagella. J Cell Sci. 2006; 119: 1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02811 PMID: 16507594
10.
Heuser T, Raytchev M, Krell J, Porter ME, Nicastro D. The dynein regulatory complex is the nexin link
and a major regulatory node in cilia and flagella. J Cell Biol. 2009; 187: 921–933. https://doi.org/10.
1083/jcb.200908067 PMID: 20008568
11.
Oda T, Yanagisawa H, Kikkawa M. Detailed structural and biochemical characterization of the nexindynein regulatory complex. Mol Biol Cell. 2015; 26: 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E14-091367 PMID: 25411337
12.
Gardner LC, O’Toole E, Perrone CA, Giddings T, Porter ME. Components of a "dynein regulatory complex" are located at the junction between the radial spokes and the dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella. J Cell Biol. 1994; 127: 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.127.5.1311 PMID: 7962092
13.
Gui L, Song K, Tritschler D, Bower R, Yan S, Dai A, et al. Scaffold subunits support associated subunit
assembly in the Chlamydomonas ciliary nexin–dynein regulatory complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2019; 116: 23152–23162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910960116 PMID: 31659045
PLOS Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008585 January 21, 2020
18 / 21
DRC7 is essential for male fertility
14.
Lin J, Tritschler D, Song K, Barber CF, Cobb JS, Porter ME, et al. Building blocks of the nexin-dynein
regulatory complex in chlamydomonas flagella. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286: 29175–29191. https://doi.org/
10.1074/jbc.M111.241760 PMID: 21700706
15.
Bower R, Tritschler D, Vanderwaal K, Perrone CA, Mueller J, Fox L, et al. The N-DRC forms a conserved biochemical complex that maintains outer doublet alignment and limits microtubule sliding in
motile axonemes. Mol Biol Cell. 2013; 24:1134–52. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-11-0801 PMID:
23427265
16.
Bower R, Tritschler D, Mills KV, Heuser T, Nicastro D, Porter ME. DRC2/CCDC65 is a central hub for
assembly of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex and other regulators of ciliary and flagellar motility.
Mol Biol Cell. 2018; 29: 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E17-08-0510 PMID: 29167384
17.
Awata J, Song K, Lin J, King SM, Sanderson MJ, Nicastro D, et al. DRC3 connects the N-DRC to dynein
g to regulate flagellar waveform. Mol Biol Cell. 2015; 26: 2788–800. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E1501-0018 PMID: 26063732
18.
Ralston KS, Lerner AG, Diener DR, Hill KL. Flagellar motility contributes to cytokinesis in Trypanosoma
brucei and is modulated by an evolutionarily conserved dynein regulatory system. Eukaryot Cell. 2006;
5: 696–711. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.5.4.696-711.2006 PMID: 16607017
19.
Kabututu ZP, Thayer M, Melehani JH, Hill KL. CMF70 is a subunit of the dynein regulatory complex. J
Cell Sci. 2010; 123(Pt 20): 3587–95. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.073817 PMID: 20876659
20.
Nguyen HT, Sandhu J, Langousis G, Hill KL. CMF22 is a broadly conserved axonemal protein and is
required for propulsive motility in Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryot Cell. 2013; 12: 1202–13. https://doi.
org/10.1128/EC.00068-13 PMID: 23851336
21.
Colantonio JR, Vermot J, Wu D, Langenbacher AD, Fraser S, Chen JN, et al. The dynein regulatory
complex is required for ciliary motility and otolith biogenesis in the inner ear. Nature. 2009; 457: 205–9.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07520 PMID: 19043402
22.
Wirschell M, Olbrich H, Werner C, Tritschler D, Bower R, Sale WS, et al. The nexin-dynein regulatory
complex subunit DRC1 is essential for motile cilia function in algae and humans. Nat Genet. 2013; 45:
262–268. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2533 PMID: 23354437
23.
Austin-Tse C, Halbritter J, Zariwala MA, Gilberti RM, Gee HY, Hellman N, et al. Zebrafish ciliopathy
screen plus human mutational analysis identifies C21orf59 and CCDC65 defects as causing primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet. 2013; 93: 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.08.015
PMID: 24094744
24.
Olbrich H, Cremers C, Loges NT, Werner C, Nielsen KG, Marthin JK, et al. Loss-of-Function GAS8
Mutations Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Disrupt the Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex. Am J
Hum Genet. 2015; 97: 546–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.08.012 PMID: 26387594
25.
Lewis WR, Malarkey EB, Tritschler D, Bower R, Pasek RC, Porath JD, et al. Mutation of Growth Arrest
Specific 8 Reveals a Role in Motile Cilia Function and Human Disease. PLoS Genet. 2016; 12:
e1006220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006220 PMID: 27472056
26.
Ha S, Lindsay AM, Timms AE, Beier DR. Mutations in Dnaaf1 and Lrrc48 Cause Hydrocephalus, Laterality Defects, and Sinusitis in Mice. G3 (Bethesda). 2016; 6: 2479–87.
27.
Jeanson L, Thomas L, Copin B, Coste A, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Dastot-Le Moal F et al. Mutations in
GAS8, a Gene Encoding a Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex Subunit, Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Axonemal Disorganization. Hum Mutat. 2016; 37: 776–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.
23005 PMID: 27120127
28.
Li R, Tan J, Chen L, Feng J, Liang W, Guo X, et al. Iqcg Is Essential for Sperm Flagellum Formation in
Mice. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e98053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098053 PMID: 24849454
29.
Castaneda JM, Hua R, Miyata H, Oji A, Guo Y, Cheng Y, et al. TCTE1 is a conserved component of the
dynein regulatory complex and is required for motility and metabolism in mouse spermatozoa. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A. 2017; 114: 5370–5378.
30.
Yang Y, Cochran DA, Gargano MD, King I, Samhat NK, Burger BP, et al. Regulation of flagellar motility
by the conserved flagellar protein CG34110/Ccdc135/FAP50. Mol Biol Cell. 2011; 22: 976–87. https://
doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0331 PMID: 21289096
31.
Kluin PM, Kramer MF, de Rooij DG. Spermatogenesis in the immature mouse proceeds faster than in
the adult. Int J Androl. 1982; 5: 282–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1982.tb00257.x PMID:
7118267
32.
Baker MA, Naumovski N, Hetherington L, Weinberg A, Velkov T, Aitken RJ. Head and flagella subcompartmental proteomic analysis of human spermatozoa. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 61–74. https://doi.org/
10.1002/pmic.201200350 PMID: 23161668
PLOS Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008585 January 21, 2020
19 / 21
DRC7 is essential for male fertility
33.
Oji A, Noda T, Fujihara Y, Miyata H, Kim YJ, Muto M, et al. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing in
ES cells and its application for chimeric analysis in mice. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 31666. https://doi.org/10.
1038/srep31666 PMID: 27530713
34.
Fujihara Y, Kaseda K, Inoue N, Ikawa M, Okabe M. Production of mouse pups from germline transmission-failed knockout chimeras. Transgenic Res. 2013; 22: 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248012-9635-x PMID: 22826106
35.
Inaba K, Shiba K. Microscopic analysis of sperm movement: links to mechanisms and protein components. Microscopy (Oxf). 2018; 67: 144–155.
36.
Lehti MS, Sironen A. Formation and function of the manchette and flagellum during spermatogenesis.
Reproduction. 2016; 151: 43–54.
37.
Lehti MS, Kotaja N, Sironen A. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology KIF3A is essential for sperm tail
formation and manchette function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013; 377: 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mce.2013.06.030 PMID: 23831641
38.
Liu Y, DeBoer K, de Kretser DM, O’Donnell L, O’Connor AE, Merriner D, et al. LRGUK-1 is required for
basal body and manchette function during spermatogenesis and male fertility. PLoS Genet. 2015; 11:
e1005090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005090 PMID: 25781171
39.
Lehti MS, Zhang F, Kotaja N, Sironen A. SPEF2 functions in microtubule-mediated transport in elongating spermatids to ensure proper male germ cell differentiation. Development. 2017; 144: 2683–2693.
https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.152108 PMID: 28619825
40.
Dunleavy JEM, Okuda H, O’Connor AE, Merriner DJ, O’Donnell L, Jamsai D, et al. Katanin-like 2 (KATNAL2) functions in multiple aspects of haploid male germ cell development in the mouse. PLoS Genet.
2017; 13: e1007078. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007078 PMID: 29136647
41.
Lindemann CB, Lesich KA. Functional Anatomy of the Mammalian Sperm Flagellum. Cytoskeleton
(Hoboken). 2016; 73: 652–669.
42.
Kubo T, Hou Y, Cochran DA, Witman GB, Oda T. A microtubule-dynein tethering complex regulates the
axonemal inner dynein f (I1). Mol Biol Cell. 2018; 29:1060–1074. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E17-110689 PMID: 29540525
43.
Han YG, Kwok BH, Kernan MJ. Intraflagellar transport is required in Drosophila to differentiate sensory
cilia but not sperm. Curr Biol. 2003; 13: 1679–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.08.034 PMID:
14521833
44.
Sarpal R, Todi SV, Sivan-Loukianova E, Shirolikar S, Subramanian N, Raff EC, et al. Drosophila KAP
interacts with the kinesin II motor subunit KLP64D to assemble chordotonal sensory cilia, but not sperm
tails. Curr Biol. 2003; 13: 1687–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.025 PMID: 14521834
45.
San Agustin JT, Pazour GJ, Witman GB. Intraflagellar transport is essential for mammalian spermiogenesis but is absent in mature sperm. Mol Biol Cell. 2015; 26:4358–72. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.
E15-08-0578 PMID: 26424803
46.
Inaba K, Mizuno K. Sperm dysfunction and ciliopathy. Reprod Med Biol. 2015; 15: 77–94. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12522-015-0225-5 PMID: 29259424
47.
Konno A, Shiba K, Cai C, Inaba K. Branchial cilia and sperm flagella recruit distinct axonemal components. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0126005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126005 PMID:
25962172
48.
Abbasi F, Miyata H, Shimada K, Morohoshi A, Nozawa K, Matsumura T, et al. RSPH6A is required for
sperm flagellum formation and male fertility in mice. J Cell Sci. 2018; 131.
49.
Dong FN, Amiri-Yekta A, Martinez G, Saut A, Tek J, Stouvenel L, et al. Absence of CFAP69 Causes
Male Infertility due to Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Flagella in Human and Mouse. Am J
Hum Genet. 2018; 102: 636–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.007 PMID: 29606301
50.
Toyoda Y., Yokoyama M. and Hosi T. Studies on the fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro. Jpn. J. Anim.
Reprod. 1971; 16: 152–157.
51.
Cha´vez JC, Herna´ndez-Gonza´lez EO, Wertheimer E, Visconti PE, Darszon A, Treviño CL. Participation
of the Cl-/HCO(3)- exchangers SLC26A3 and SLC26A6, the Cl- channel CFTR, and the regulatory factor SLC9A3R1 in mouse sperm capacitation. Biol Reprod. 2012; 86: 1–14.
52.
Miyata H, Satouh Y, Mashiko D, Muto M, Nozawa K, Shiba K, et al. Sperm calcineurin inhibition prevents mouse fertility with implications for male contraceptive. Science. 2015; 350: 442–445. https://doi.
org/10.1126/science.aad0836 PMID: 26429887
53.
Niwa H, Yamamura K, Miyazaki J. Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel
eukaryotic vector. Gene. 1991; 108:193–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(91)90434-d PMID:
1660837
54.
Tiscornia G, Singer O, Verma IM. Production and purification of lentiviral vectors. Nat Protoc. 2006; 1:
241–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.37 PMID: 17406239
PLOS Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008585 January 21, 2020
20 / 21
DRC7 is essential for male fertility
55.
Shimada K, Kato H, Miyata H, Ikawa M. Glycerol kinase 2 is essential for proper arrangement of crescent-like mitochondria to form the mitochondrial sheath during mouse spermatogenesis. J Reprod Dev.
201; 65: 155–162.
56.
Sasaki K, Shiba K, Nakamura A, Kawano N, Satouh Y, Yamaguchi H, et al. Calaxin is required for ciliadriven determination of vertebrate laterality. Commun Biol. 2019; 2: 226.
57.
Kimura Y, Yanagimachi R. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the mouse. Biol Reprod. 1995; 52: 709–
20. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod52.4.709 PMID: 7779992
PLOS Genetics | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008585 January 21, 2020
21 / 21
...