1. Withrow, S. J. & Vail, D. M. Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology (2007). doi:10.1016/B978-0- 7216-0558-6.X5001-1.
2. Sommer, B. C., Dhawan, D., Ratliff, T. L. & Knapp, D. W. Naturally-Occurring Canine Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: A Model for Emerging Therapies. Bl. Cancer 4, 149–159 (2018).
3. Fulkerson, C. M. & Knapp, D. W. Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: A review. Vet. J. 205, 217–225 (2015).
4. Knapp, D. W. & Mcmillan, S. K. Tumors of the Urinary System. in Withrow and MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology: Fifth Edition 572–582 (Elsevier Inc., 2012). doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-2362-5.00029-3.
5. Saeki, K., Fujita, A., Fujita, N., Nakagawa, T. & Nishimura, R. Total cystectomy and subsequent urinary diversion to the prepuce or vagina in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the trigone area: a report of 10 cases (2005-2011). Can. Vet. J. = La Rev. Vet. Can. 56, 73–80 (2015).
6. Poirier, V. J., Forrest, L. J., Adams, W. M. & Vail, D. M. Piroxicam, mitoxantrone, and coarse fraction radiotherapy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in 10 dogs: A pilot study. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 40, 131–136 (2004).
7. Anderson, C. R., McNiel, E. A., Gillette, E. L., Powers, B. E. & LaRue, S. M. Late complications of pelvic irradiation in 16 dogs. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 43, 187–192 (2002).
8. Knapp, D. W., Ramos-Vara, J. A., Moore, G. E., Dhawan, D., Bonney, P. L. & Young, K. E. Urinary bladder cancer in dogs, a naturally occurring model for cancer biology and drug development. ILAR J. 55, 100–118 (2014).
9. Henry, C. J., McCaw, D. L., Turnquist, S. E., Tyler, J. W., Bravo, L., Sheafor, S., et al. Clinical evaluation of mitoxantrone and piroxicam in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 906–911 (2003).
10. Knapp, D. W., Glickman, N. W., Widmer, W. R., DeNicola, D. B., Adams, L. G., Kuczek, T., et al. Cisplatin versus cisplatin combined with piroxicam in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 46, 221–226 (2000).
11. McMillan, S. K., Boria, P., Moore, G. E., Widmer, W. R., Bonney, P. L. & Knapp, D. W. Antitumor effects of deracoxib treatment in 26 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 239, 1084–1089 (2011).
12. Knapp, D. W., Henry, C. J., Widmer, W. R., Tan, K. M., Moore, G. E., Ramos-Vara, J. A., et al. Randomized Trial of Cisplatin versus Firocoxib versus Cisplatin/Firocoxib in Dogs with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27, 126–133 (2013).
13. Pon, J. R. & Marra, M. A. Driver and Passenger Mutations in Cancer. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 10, 25–50 (2015).
14. Vogelstein, B., Papadopoulos, N., Velculescu, V. E., Zhou, S., Diaz, L. A. & Kinzler, K. W. Cancer genome landscapes. Science vol. 340 1546–1558 (2013).
15. Stratton, M. R., Campbell, P. J. & Futreal, P. A. The cancer genome. Nature vol. 458 719–724 (2009).
16. Davies, H., Bignell, G. R., Cox, C., Stephens, P., Edkins, S., Clegg, S., et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417, 949–954 (2002).
17. Venderbosch, S., Nagtegaal, I. D., Maughan, T. S., Smith, C. G., Cheadle, J. P., Fisher, D., et al. Mismatch repair status and BRAF mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A pooled analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS studies. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 5322–5330 (2014).
18. Marchetti, A., Felicioni, L., Malatesta, S., Grazia Sciarrotta, M., Guetti, L., Chella, A., et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring BRAF mutations. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 3574–9 (2011).
19. Fukushima, T., Suzuki, S., Mashiko, M., Ohtake, T., Endo, Y., Takebayashi, Y., et al. BRAF mutations in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. Oncogene 22, 6455–6457 (2003).
20. Maik-Rachline, G., Hacohen-Lev-Ran, A. & Seger, R. Nuclear erk: Mechanism of translocation, substrates, and role in cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 1–18 (2019).
21. Matallanas, D., Birtwistle, M., Romano, D., Zebisch, A., Rauch, J., von Kriegsheim, A., et al. Raf family kinases: Old dogs have learned new tricks. Genes and Cancer 2, 232–260 (2011).
22. Wan, P. T. C., Garnett, M. J., Roe, S. M., Lee, S., Niculescu-Duvaz, D., Good, V. M., et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 116, 855–867 (2004).
23. Joseph, E. W., Pratilas, C. A., Poulikakos, P. I., Tadi, M., Wang, W., Taylor, B. S., et al. The RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling and tumor cell proliferation in a V600E BRAF-selective manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 14903–14908 (2010).
24. Flaherty, K. T., Puzanov, I., Kim, K. B., Ribas, A., McArthur, G. A., Sosman, J. A., et al. Inhibition of Mutated, Activated BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 809–819 (2010).
25. Dickerson, S. H., Moss, K. G., Mook, R. A., Arnone, M. R., Petrov, K. G., Rheault, T. R., et al. Discovery of Dabrafenib: A Selective Inhibitor of Raf Kinases with Antitumor Activity against B-Raf-Driven Tumors. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 358–362 (2013).
26. Hauschild, A., Grob, J. J., Demidov, L. V, Jouary, T., Gutzmer, R., Millward, M., et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: A multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380, 358–365 (2012).
27. Chapman, P. B., Hauschild, A., Robert, C., Haanen, J. B., Ascierto, P., Larkin, J., et al. Improved Survival with Vemurafenib in Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2507–2516 (2011).
28. Decker, B., Parker, H. G., Dhawan, D., Kwon, E. M., Karlins, E., Davis, B. W., et al. Homologous Mutation to Human BRAF V600E Is Common in Naturally Occurring Canine Bladder Cancer--Evidence for a Relevant Model System and Urine-Based Diagnostic Test. Mol. Cancer Res. 13, 993–1002 (2015).
29. Mochizuki, H., Kennedy, K., Shapiro, S. G. & Breen, M. B. BRAF mutations in canine cancers. PLoS One 10, 1–9 (2015).
30. Curtin, J. A., Fridlyand, J., Kageshita, T., Patel, H. N., Busam, K. J., Kutzner, H., et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2135–2147 (2005).
31. Kimura, E. T., Nikiforova, M. N., Zhu, Z., Knauf, J. A., Nikiforov, Y. E. & Fagin, J. A. High Prevalence of BRAF Mutations in Thyroid Cancer: Genetic Evidence for Constitutive Activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF Signaling Pathway in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancer Research vol. 63 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/. (2003).
32. Puxeddu, E., Moretti, S., Elisei, R., Romei, C., Pascucci, R., Martinelli, M., et al. BRAF V599E Mutation Is the Leading Genetic Event in Adult Sporadic Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2414–2420 (2004).
33. Cremolini, C., Di Bartolomeo, M., Amatu, A., Antoniotti, C., Moretto, R., Berenato, R., et al. BRAF codons 594 and 596 mutations identify a new molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer at favorable prognosis. Ann. Oncol. 26, 2092–2097 (2015).
34. Greenhough, A., Smartt, H. J. M., Moore, A. E., Roberts, H. R., Williams, A. C., Paraskeva, C., et al. The COX-2/PGE2 pathway: Key roles in the hallmarks of cancer and adaptation to the tumour microenvironment. Carcinogenesis 30, 377–386 (2009).
35. Chen, W. Y. & Holmes, M. D. Role of Aspirin in Breast Cancer Survival. Current Oncology Reports vol. 19 (2017).
36. Jiang, M. jie, Dai, J. juan, Gu, D. na, Huang, Q. & Tian, L. Aspirin in pancreatic cancer: chemopreventive effects and therapeutic potentials. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer vol. 1866 163–176 (2016).
37. Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 144, 646–674 (2011).
38. Palucka, A. K. & Coussens, L. M. The Basis of Oncoimmunology. Cell vol. 164 1233– 1247 (2016).
39. Wang, D. & Dubois, R. N. Eicosanoids and cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 181–193 (2010).
40. Bakhle, Y. S. & Botting, R. M. Cyclooxygenase-2 and its regulation in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 5, 305–323 (1996).
41. Wang, D. & DuBois, R. N. Cyclooxygenase-2: A Potential Target in Breast Cancer. Semin. Oncol. 31, 64–73 (2004).
42. Rigas, B., Goldman, I. S. & Levine, L. Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122, 518–23 (1993).
43. Hambek, M., Baghi, M., Wagenblast, J., Schmitt, J., Baumann, H. & Knecht, R. Inverse correlation between serum PGE2 and T classification in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 29, 244–248 (2007).
44. McLemore, T. L., Hubbard, W. C., Litterst, C. L., Liu, M. C., Miller, S., McMahon, N. A., et al. Profiles of prostaglandin biosynthesis in normal lung and tumor tissue from lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 48, 3140–7 (1988).
45. Zmigrodzka, M., Rzepecka, A., Krzyzowska, M., Witkowska-Pilaszewicz, O., Cywinska, A. & Winnicka, A. The cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E 2 pathway and its role in the pathogenesis of human and dog hematological malignancies. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology vol. 69 653–661 (2018).
46. Spugnini, E. P., Porrello, A., Citro, G. & Baldi, A. COX-2 overexpression in canine tumors: Potential therapeutic targets in oncology. Histol. Histopathol. 20, 1309–1312 (2005).
47. Doré, M. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in animal cancers. Vet. Pathol. 48, 254–65 (2011).
48. Mizuno, R., Kawada, K. & Sakai, Y. Prostaglandin E2/EP Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 6254 (2019).
49. Khan, K. N. M., Knapp, D. W., Denicola, D. B. & Harris, R. K. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61, 478–481 (2000).
50. Knottenbelt, C., Mellor, D., Nixon, C., Thompson, H. & Argyle, D. J. Cohort study of COX-1 and COX-2 expression in canine rectal and bladder tumours. J. Small Anim. Pract. 47, 196–200 (2006).
51. Sledge, D. G., Patrick, D. J., Fitzgerald, S. D., Xie, Y. & Kiupel, M. Differences in Expression of Uroplakin III, Cytokeratin 7, and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Canine Proliferative Urothelial Lesions of the Urinary Bladder. Vet. Pathol. 52, 74–82 (2015).
52. Yoshitake, R., Saeki, K., Watanabe, M., Nakaoka, N., Ong, S. M., Hanafusa, M., et al. Molecular investigation of the direct anti-tumour effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in a panel of canine cancer cell lines. Vet. J. 221, 38–47 (2017).
53. DuBois, R. N., Abramson, S. B., Crofford, L., Gupta, R. A., Simon, L. S., Van De Putte, L. B. A., et al. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J. 12, 1063– 1073 (1998).
54. Petkova, D. K., Clelland, C., Ronan, J., Pang, L., Coulson, J. M., Lewis, S., et al. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Respir. Med. 98, 164–172 (2004).
55. Agrawal, U., Kumari, N., Vasudeva, P., Mohanty, N. K. & Saxena, S. Overexpression of COX2 indicates poor survival in urothelial bladder cancer. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 34, 50–55 (2018).
56. Eberhart, C. E., Coffey, R. J., Radhika, A., Giardiello, F. M., Ferrenbach, S. & Dubois, R. N. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 107, 1183–1188 (1994).
57. Kim, H. S., Moon, H. G., Han, W., Yom, C. K., Kim, W. H., Kim, J. H., et al. COX2 overexpression is a prognostic marker for Stage III breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 132, 51–59 (2012).
58. Sakai, K., Maeda, S., Saeki, K., Nakagawa, T., Murakami, M., Endo, Y., et al. Antitumour effect of lapatinib in canine transitional cell carcinoma cell lines. Vet. Comp. Oncol. 16, 642–649 (2018).
59. Eto, S., Saeki, K., Yoshitake, R., Yoshimoto, S., Shinada, M., Ikeda, N., et al. Antitumor effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat on canine urothelial carcinoma cells. PLoS One 14, e0218382 (2019).
60. Mahi, N. Al, Najafabadi, M. F., Pilarczyk, M., Kouril, M. & Medvedovic, M. GREIN: An Interactive Web Platform for Re-analyzing GEO RNA-seq Data. Sci. Rep. 9, (2019).
61. Becker, T. M., Boyd, S. C., Mijatov, B., Gowrishankar, K., Snoyman, S., Pupo, G. M., et al. Mutant B-RAF-Mcl-1 survival signaling depends on the STAT3 transcription factor. Oncogene 33, 1158–1166 (2014).
62. Flockhart, R. J., Webster, D. E., Qu, K., Mascarenhas, N., Kovalski, J., Kretz, M., et al. BRAFV600E remodels the melanocyte transcriptome and induces BANCR to regulate melanoma cell migration. Genome Res. 22, 1006–1014 (2012).
63. Kim, Y. H., Choi, Y. W., Lee, J., Soh, E. Y., Kim, J. H. & Park, T. J. Senescent tumor cells lead the collective invasion in thyroid cancer. Nat. Commun. 8, (2017).
64. Pawlikowski, J. S., McBryan, T., Èan Tuyn, J., Drotar, M. E., Hewitt, R. N., Maier, A. B., et al. Wnt signaling potentiates neèogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 16009–16014 (2013).
65. Queiroga, F. L., Alves, A., Pires, I. & Lopes, C. Expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in Canine Mammary Tumours. J. Comp. Pathol. 136, 177–185 (2007).
66. Belshaw, Z., Constantio-Casas, F., Brearley, M. J., Dunning, M. D., Holmes, M. A. & Dobson, J. M. COX-2 expression and outcome in canine nasal carcinomas treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy. Vet. Comp. Oncol. 9, 141–148 (2011).
67. Lake, D., Corrêa, S. A. L. & Müller, J. Negative feedback regulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences vol. 73 4397–4413 (2016).
68. Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Yun, H., Chen, S., Chen, Y. & Liu, Z. ERK expression and its correlation with STAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 8, 45249–45258 (2017).
69. Ma, R., Xu, L., Qu, X., Che, X., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y., et al. AZ304, a novel dual BRAF inhibitor, exerts anti-tumour effects in colorectal cancer independently of BRAF genetic status /692/4028/67 /631/67 article. Br. J. Cancer 118, 1453–1463 (2018).
70. Cao, J., Heijkants, R. C., Jochemsen, A. G., Dogrusöz, M., de Lange, M. J., van der Velden, P. A., et al. Targeting of the MAPK and AKT pathways in conjunctival melanoma shows potential synergy. Oncotarget 8, 58021–58036 (2017).
71. Kyriakis, J. M. & Avruch, J. Mammalian MAPK Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Stress and Inflammation: A 10-Year Update. Physiol. Rev. 92, 689–737 (2012).
72. Joo Weon Lim, Kim, H. & Kyung Hwan Kim. Nuclear factor-κB regulates cyclooxyoenase-2 expression and cell proliferation in human gastric cancer cells. Lab. Investig. 81, 349–360 (2001).
73. Charalambous, M. P., Maihöfner, C., Bhambra, U., Lightfoot, T. & Gooderham, N. J. Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 is accompanied by increased expression of nuclear factor-κB and IκB kinase-α in human colorectal cancer epithelial cells. Br. J. Cancer 88, 1598–1604 (2003).
74. Liu, X. H., Lu, M., Yao, S., Preston, C., Klausner, A., Levine, A. C., et al. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia cell growth through activation of the interleukin-6/GP130/STAT-3 signaling pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290, 249–255 (2002).
75. L’Eplattenier, H. F., Lai, C. L., Van Den Ham, R., Mol, J., Van Sluijs, F. & Teske, E. Regulation of COX-2 expression in canine prostate carcinoma: Increased COX-2 expression is not related to inflammation. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21, 776–782 (2007).
76. Zelenay, S., Van Der Veen, A. G., Böttcher, J. P., Snelgrove, K. J., Rogers, N., Acton, S. E., et al. Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Tumor Growth through Evasion of Immunity. Cell 162, 1257–1270 (2015).
77. Moore, A. E., Greenhough, A., Roberts, H. R., Hicks, D. J., Patsos, H. A., Williams, A. C., et al. HGF/Met signalling promotes PGE2 biogenesis via regulation of COX-2 and 15-PGDH expression in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 30, 1796–1804 (2009).
78. Siegfried, J. M., Gubish, C. T., Rothstein, M. E., de Oliveira, P. E. Q. & Stabile, L. P. Signaling Pathways Involved in Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction by Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Mol. Pharmacol. 72, 769–779 (2007).
79. Mohammed, S. I., Coffman, K., Glickman, N. W., Hayek, M. G., Waters, D. J., Schlittler, D., et al. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations in naturally occurring canine cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 64, 1–4 (2001).
80. Chen, W., Tang, Q., Gonzales, M. S. & Bowden, G. T. Role of p38 MAP kinases and ERK in mediating ultraviolet-B induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human keratinocytes. Oncogene 20, 3921–3926 (2001).
81. Hendrickx, N., Volanti, C., Moens, U., Seternes, O. M., De Witte, P., Vandenheede, J. R., et al. Up-regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Apoptosis Resistance by p38 MAPK in Hypericin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy of Human Cancer Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 52231–52239 (2003).
82. Kosumi, K., Hamada, T., Zhang, S., Liu, L., da Silva, A., Koh, H., et al. Prognostic association of PTGS2 (COX-2) over-expression according to BRAF mutation status in colorectal cancer: Results from two prospective cohorts and CALGB 89803 (Alliance) trial. Eur. J. Cancer 111, 82–93 (2019).
83. Maeda, S., Tomiyasu, H., Tsuboi, M., Inoue, A., Ishihara, G., Uchikai, T., et al. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of canine invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma by RNA-Seq. BMC Cancer 18, 1–11 (2018).
84. Tsuboi, M., Sakai, K., Maeda, S., Chambers, J. K., Yonezawa, T., Matsuki, N., et al. Assessment of HER2 Expression in Canine Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Vet. Pathol. 56, 369–376 (2019).
85. Grassinger, J. M., Merz, S., Aupperle-Lellbach, H., Erhard, H. & Klopfleisch, R. Correlation of BRAF variant V595E, breed, histological grade and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in canine transitional cell carcinomas. Vet. Sci. 6, 31 (2019).
86. Namba, S., Nakano, R., Kitanaka, T., Kitanaka, N., Nakayama, T. & Sugiya, H. ERK2 and JNK1 contribute to TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression in synovial fibroblasts. PLoS One 12, e0182923 (2017).
87. Hunot, S., Vila, M., Teismann, P., Davis, R. J., Hirsch, E. C., Przedborski, S., et al. JNK-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase 2 is required for neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 665–670 (2004).
88. Sung, S., Park, Y., Jo, J.-R. R., Jung, N.-K. K., Song, D.-K. K., Bae, J., et al. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in NCI-H292 human alveolar epithelial carcinoma cells: Roles of p38 MAPK, ERK-1/2, and PI3K/PKB signaling proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 112, 3015–3024 (2011).
89. Souza, R. F., Shewmake, K., Pearson, S., Sarosi, G. A., Feagins, L. A., Ramirez, R. D., et al. Acid increases proliferation via ERK and p38 MAPK-mediated increases in cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett’s adenocarcinoma cells. Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol. 287, G743–G748 (2004).
90. Båge, T., Lindberg, J., Lundeberg, J., Modéer, T. & Yucel-Lindberg, T. Signal pathways JNK and NF-κB, identified by global gene expression profiling, are involved in regulation of TNFα-induced mPGES-1 and COX-2 expression in gingival fibroblasts. BMC Genomics 11, 241 (2010).
91. de Oliveira, A. C. P., Cadelario-Jalil, E., Bhatia, H. S., Lieb, K., Hüll, M. & Fiebich, B. L. Regulation of prostaglandin E2 synthase expression in activated primary rat microglia: Evidence for uncoupled regulation of mPGES-1 and COX-2. Glia 56, 844– 855 (2008).