リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる 「Endocytic vesicle movement in a cytoskeletal network revealed by numerical analysis」の論文概要。リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。
リケラボ

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

論文の公開元へ論文の公開元へ
書き出し

Endocytic vesicle movement in a cytoskeletal network revealed by numerical analysis

李, 藇賢 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002001515

2021.09.08

概要

The process of cellular uptake of molecules is called endocytosis, which sustains the intracellular homeostasis. During the endocytosis, the extracellular molecules are engulfed by the cell in the form of vesicle, and start to navigate the cytoplasmic area from the plasma membrane to the center of the cell. The movement of endocytic vesicle in a living cell contains significant information that can be broadly utilized in the biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. Therefore, many researches have conducted hitherto as focusing on the mechanism of vesicle transport in the molecular level in vitro. The precise movement of vesicle in the intracellular area, however, has been considered as one of the challenging tasks in biophysics. The reason why is that the vesicle inevitably interact with complex cytoskeletal network in a living cell, which appears as a complicated movement trajectory, and this hinders the accurate detection and analysis of the vesicle movement. Here, this dissertation aims to provide a complete set of vesicle movement analysis method for understanding the vesicle movement in a complex cytoskeletal architecture, and to present the actual features of the three-dimensional vesicle movement detected in a living cell, in terms of the interaction between the vesicle and cytoskeletons. As a prerequisite for the accurate detection of vesicle position data, the development of axial position stabilization system is also proposed.

First of all, the overall background of vesicle movement in a cytoplasmic area is introduced, with the importance of the information acquired from the vesicle movement in a living cell and the history of the related studies. In addition, the complexity in analysis of the movement trajectory of vesicle is explained.

Second, the enhancement in three-dimensional imaging optics is presented for achieving high accuracy in vesicle position detection, by developing and installing the external axial position stabilization system. Because live-cell microscopy imaging system typically suffers from thermal and vibrational fluctuations, it is imperative to secure absolutely stable imaging condition for acquiring precise three-dimensional position data of the target. Based on the capacitive sensor, the axial position stability was achieved as keeping the constant distance between the objective lens and microscope stage, using the feedback control.

Third, a novel numerical method for analyzing the detailed movement of vesicle is introduced, as a cornerstone for understanding the vesicle movement in a complex cytoskeletal network in living cell. In contrast to the hitherto analysis methods, the numerical method features intuitiveness and practicality as a combination of geometrical and statistical approaches. Treating the threedimensional trajectory of vesicle as a data point set in a space, the local curvature of the trajectory is detected by angle correlation function after the noise reduction. Since the interaction between the vesicle and cytoskeleton appears as the linearity and persistency in the trajectory, the location of cytoskeletons were estimated by principal component analysis. The precise angular and translational movement of vesicle on the estimated cytoskeleton was presented as a vector calculation utilizing the relationship between the consecutive data points and projected points.

Next, the endocytic vesicle movement acquired by live-cell imaging is analyzed by the numerical analysis method, and the newly revealed detailed features of three-dimensional vesicle movements in a microtubule network are presented. In the experiment, the vesicle-quantum dot movement in GFP-tubulin expressing KPL4 human breast cancer cell was tracked. The transfer angle of vesicle between two crossed microtubule was measured in three dimensions, which turned out to be either very acute (10–60◦) or obtuse (100–180◦), but with similar time scale, 0.5 s. This result reflects the actual angles of microtubule crossings in living cell. Particularly, vesicles on their long-range transport (> 400 nm) showed a unique rotational movement around the axis of microtubule with high probability of occurrence (> 50 %), which consists of quick dodging and gentle walking, regardless of the direction of rotation. Additionally, the angular intervals between the quick dodging appeared to be 180◦ in almost all rotational movements. These characteristic angular motion of vesicle suggests the reaction of vesicle when it encountered an obstacle on the microtubule.

Finally, the conclusion of this dissertation is presented. This study proposed a pioneering understanding the detailed feature of vesicle movement which navigates in a complex cytoskeletal architecture. This dissertation covered from establishing the stable and reliable three dimensional live cell imaging condition to developing the practical analysis method and revealing the actual vesicle movement in terms of precise angular and translational motion. Therefore, it is expected that this work will inspire the related studies for better understanding the vesicle movement in a living cell, as an initiative platform.

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

関連論文をもっと見る

参考文献

Abbena, Elsa, Simon Salamon, and Alfred Gray (2017). Modern differential geometry of curves and surfaces with Mathematica. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Abdi, Hervé and Lynne J Williams (2010). “Principal component analysis”. In: Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: computational statistics 2.4, pp. 433–459.

Alberts, Bruce (2017). Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science.

Ali, M Yusuf et al. (2002). “Myosin V is a left-handed spiral motor on the righthanded actin helix”. In: Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 9.6, p. 464.

Ang, Kiam Heong, Gregory Chong, and Yun Li (2005). “PID control system analysis, design, and technology”. In: IEEE transactions on control systems technology 13.4, pp. 559–576.

Aniento, Fernando et al. (1993). “Cytoplasmic dynein-dependent vesicular transport from early to late endosomes.” In: The Journal of cell biology 123.6, pp. 1373–1387.

Arcizet, Delphine et al. (2008). “Temporal analysis of active and passive transport in living cells”. In: Physical review letters 101.24, p. 248103.

Bahrami, Khosro and Alex C Kot (2014). “A fast approach for no-reference image sharpness assessment based on maximum local variation”. In: IEEE Signal Processing Letters 21.6, pp. 751–755.

Bálint, Štefan et al. (2013). “Correlative live-cell and superresolution microscopy reveals cargo transport dynamics at microtubule intersections”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.9, pp. 3375–3380.

Beards, C (1996). “The vibration of continuous structures”. In: Structural Vibration: Analysis and Damping 4, pp. 129–156.

Bergman, Jared P et al. (2018). “Cargo navigation across 3D microtubule intersections”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, p. 201707936.

Bon, Pierre et al. (2015). “Three-dimensional nanometre localization of nanoparticles to enhance super-resolution microscopy”. In: Nature communications 6, p. 7764.

Brangwynne, Clifford P et al. (2008). “Cytoplasmic diffusion: molecular motors mix it up”. In: The Journal of cell biology 183.4, pp. 583–587.

Brown, Lisa Gottesfeld (1992). “A survey of image registration techniques”. In: ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 24.4, pp. 325–376.

Can, Sinan, Mark A Dewitt, and Ahmet Yildiz (2014). “Bidirectional helical motility of cytoplasmic dynein around microtubules”. In: Elife 3.

Cao, Binh Xuan et al. (2017). “In-situ real-time focus detection during laser processing using double-hole masks and advanced image sensor software”. In: Sensors 17.7, p. 1540.

Chandrasekhar, S (1943). “S. Chandrasekhar, Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 1 (1943).” In: Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, p. 1.

Chang, Lynne and Robert D Goldman (2004). “Intermediate filaments mediate cytoskeletal crosstalk”. In: Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 5.8, p. 601.

Chen, Bi-Chang et al. (2014). “Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution”. In: Science 346.6208, p. 1257998.

Cheney, Richard E and Mark S Mooseker (1992). “Unconventional myosins”. In: Current opinion in cell biology 4.1, pp. 27–35.

Chou, Leo YT, Kevin Ming, and Warren CW Chan (2011). “Strategies for the intracellular delivery of nanoparticles”. In: Chemical Society Reviews 40.1, pp. 233–245.

Conner, Sean D and Sandra L Schmid (2003a). “Regulated portals of entry into the cell”. In: Nature 422.6927, p. 37.— (2003b). “Regulated portals of entry into the cell”. In: Nature 422.6927, p. 37.

Courty, Sébastien et al. (2006). “Tracking individual kinesin motors in living cellsusing single quantum-dot imaging”. In: Nano letters 6.7, pp. 1491–1495.

Crocker, John C and David G Grier (1996). “Methods of digital video microscopy for colloidal studies”. In: Journal of colloid and interface science 179.1, pp. 298–310.

Dalgarno, Paul A et al. (2010). “Multiplane imaging and three dimensional nanoscale particle tracking in biological microscopy”. In: Optics express 18.2, pp. 877–884.

Das, Raibatak, Christopher W Cairo, and Daniel Coombs (2009). “A hidden Markov model for single particle tracks quantifies dynamic interactions between LFA-1 and the actin cytoskeleton”. In: PLoS computational biology 5.11, e1000556.

Den Hartog, Jacob Pieter (1985). Mechanical vibrations. Courier Corporation.

Deng, Guang and LW Cahill (1993). “An adaptive Gaussian filter for noise reduction and edge detection”. In: Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, 1993., 1993 IEEE Conference Record. IEEE, pp. 1615–1619.

Dertinger, Thomas et al. (2009). “Fast, background-free, 3D super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

106.52, pp. 22287–22292.

Diebel, James (2006). “Representing attitude: Euler angles, unit quaternions, and rotation vectors”. In: Matrix 58.15-16, pp. 1–35.

Discher, Dennis E and Adi Eisenberg (2002). “Polymer vesicles”. In: Science 297.5583, pp. 967–973.

Dupont, Aurélie et al. (2013). “Three-dimensional single-particle tracking in live cells: news from the third dimension”. In: New journal of physics 15.7, p. 075008.

Ecken, Julian Von der et al. (2015). “Structure of the F-actin–tropomyosin complex”. In: Nature 519.7541, p. 114.

Ferzli, Rony and Lina J Karam (2009). “A no-reference objective image sharpness metric based on the notion of just noticeable blur (JNB)”. In: IEEE transactions on image processing 18.4, pp. 717–728.

Frenkel, Daan and Berend Smit (2001). Understanding molecular simulation: from algorithms to applications. Vol. 1. Elsevier.

Funatsu, Takashi et al. (1995). “Imaging of single fluorescent molecules and individual ATP turnovers by single myosin molecules in aqueous solution”. In: Nature 374.6522, p. 555.

Gao, Yuan et al. (2017). “Single-Janus Rod Tracking Reveals the “Rock-and-Roll” of Endosomes in Living Cells”. In: Langmuir.

Goldstein, Lawrence SB and Zhaohuai Yang (2000). “Microtubule-based transport systems in neurons: the roles of kinesins and dyneins”. In: Annual review of neuroscience 23.1, pp. 39–71.

Gonda, Kohsuke et al. (2010). “In vivo nano-imaging of membrane dynamics in metastatic tumor cells using quantum dots”. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry 285.4, pp. 2750–2757.

Gustafsson, Nils et al. (2016). “Fast live-cell conventional fluorophore nanoscopy with ImageJ through super-resolution radial fluctuations”. In: Nature communications 7, p. 12471.

Haddad, Richard A and Ali N Akansu (1991). “A class of fast Gaussian binomial filters for speech and image processing”. In: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 39.3, pp. 723–727.

Harrison, Andrew W et al. (2013). “Modes of correlated angular motion in live cells across three distinct time scales”. In: Physical biology 10.3, p. 036002.

Hayazawa, N, K Furusawa, and S Kawata (2012). “Nanometric locking of the tight focus for optical microscopy and tip-enhanced microscopy”. In: Nanotechnology 23.46, p. 465203.

He, Yan et al. (2005). “Role of cytoplasmic dynein in the axonal transport of microtubules and neurofilaments”. In: The Journal of cell biology 168.5, pp. 697–703.

Hess, Henry and Viola Vogel (2001). “Molecular shuttles based on motor proteins: active transport in synthetic environments”. In: Reviews in Molecular Biotechnology 82.1, pp. 67–85.

Hirokawa, Nobutaka (1998). “Kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins and the mechanism of organelle transport”. In: Science 279.5350, pp. 519–526.

Hirokawa, Nobutaka and Yasuko Noda (2008). “Intracellular transport and kinesin superfamily proteins, KIFs: structure, function, and dynamics”. In: Physiological reviews 88.3, pp. 1089–1118.

Howard, Joe and Anthony A Hyman (2003). “Dynamics and mechanics of the microtubule plus end”. In: Nature 422.6933, p. 753.

Howard, Jonathon et al. (2001). “Mechanics of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton”. In:

Howse, Jonathan R et al. (2007). “Self-motile colloidal particles: from directed propulsion to random walk”. In: Physical review letters 99.4, p. 048102.

Huang, Bo et al. (2008). “Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy”. In: Science 319.5864, pp. 810–813.

Huang, Jian-Dong et al. (1999). “Direct interaction of microtubule-and actin-based transport motors”. In: Nature 397.6716, p. 267.

Huet, Sébastien et al. (2006). “Analysis of transient behavior in complex trajectories: application to secretory vesicle dynamics”. In: Biophysical journal 91.9, pp. 3542– 3559.

Ilin, Alexander and Tapani Raiko (2010). “Practical approaches to principal component analysis in the presence of missing values”. In: Journal of Machine Learning Research 11.Jul, pp. 1957–2000.

Ishii, Idaku and Masatoshi Ishikawa (1999). “Self-windowing for high speed vision”.

In: Robotics and Automation, 1999. Proceedings. 1999 IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 3. IEEE, pp. 1916–1921.

Ishii, Idaku, Yoshihiro Nakabo, and Masatoshi Ishikawa (1996). “Target tracking algorithm for 1 ms visual feedback system using massively parallel processing”.

In: Robotics and Automation, 1996. Proceedings., 1996 IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 3. IEEE, pp. 2309–2314.

Jayachandran, A and R Dhanasekaran (2013). “Automatic detection of brain tumor in magnetic resonance images using multi-texton histogram and support vector machine”. In: International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 23.2, pp. 97– 103.

Jong, Imke G de et al. (2011). “Live cell imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using automated time-lapse microscopy”. In: Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE 53.

Kalinina, Iana et al. (2013). “Pivoting of microtubules around the spindle pole accelerates kinetochore capture”. In: Nature cell biology 15.1, p. 82.

Kao, H Pin and AS Verkman (1994). “Tracking of single fluorescent particles in three dimensions: use of cylindrical optics to encode particle position”. In: Biophysical journal 67.3, pp. 1291–1300.

Kobayashi, Hisataka et al. (2007). “Simultaneous multicolor imaging of five different lymphatic basins using quantum dots”. In: Nano Letters 7.6, pp. 1711–1716.

Kruth, Howard S et al. (2005). “Macropinocytosis is the endocytic pathway that mediates macrophage foam cell formation with native low density lipoprotein”. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry 280.3, pp. 2352–2360.

Kuˇcera, Ondˇrej, Daniel Havelka, and Michal Cifra (2017). “Vibrations of microtubules: Physics that has not met biology yet”. In: Wave Motion 72, pp. 13–22.

Kurebayashi, JUNICHI et al. (1999). “Isolation and characterization of a new human breast cancer cell line, KPL-4, expressing the Erb B family receptors and interleukin-6”. In: British journal of cancer 79.5-6, p. 707.

LadyofHats, Mariana Ruiz (2006). Endomembrane system diagram en. https://commons.wikimedia.org/[Online; accessed 26-Apr-2006].

Lee, Seohyun and Hideo Higuchi (2018: to be submitted). “3D rotational motion of an endocytic vesicle on a complex microtubule network in a living cell”. In: J Cell Sci.

Lee, Seohyun, Hyuno Kim, and Hideo Higuchi (2018a). “Focus stabilization by axial position feedback in biomedical imaging microscopy”. In: Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), 2018 IEEE. IEEE, pp. 309–314.— (2018b). “Numerical method for vesicle movement analysis in a complex cytoskeleton network”. In: Optics express 26.13, pp. 16236–16249.

Leist, Marcel et al. (1997). “Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis”. In: Journal of Experimental Medicine 185.8, pp. 1481–1486.

Lew, Matthew D et al. (2011). “Corkscrew point spread function for far-field threedimensional nanoscale localization of pointlike objects”. In: Optics letters 36.2, pp. 202–204.

Li, Huilin et al. (2002). “Microtubule structure at 8 Å resolution”. In: Structure 10.10, pp. 1317–1328.

Li, Leida et al. (2016). “No-reference image blur assessment based on discrete orthogonal moments”. In: IEEE transactions on cybernetics 46.1, pp. 39–50.

Li, Yiming, Li Shang, and G Ulrich Nienhaus (2016). “Super-resolution imagingbased single particle tracking reveals dynamics of nanoparticle internalization by live cells”. In: Nanoscale 8.14, pp. 7423–7429.

Liu, Mengmeng et al. (2017). “Real-time visualization of clustering and intracellular transport of gold nanoparticles by correlative imaging”. In: Nature Communications 8, p. 15646.

Lowe, David G (1999). “Object recognition from local scale-invariant features”. In: Computer vision, 1999. The proceedings of the seventh IEEE international conference on. Vol. 2. Ieee, pp. 1150–1157.

Luby-Phelps, Katherine (1999). “Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area”. In: International review of cytology. Vol. 192. Elsevier, pp. 189–221.

Mallik, Roop et al. (2004). “Cytoplasmic dynein functions as a gear in response to load”. In: Nature 427.6975, p. 649.

Martin, Maud and Anna Akhmanova (2018). “Coming into Focus: Mechanisms of

Microtubule Minus-End Organization”. In: Trends in cell biology.

Matveev, Sergey et al. (2001). “The role of caveolae and caveolin in vesicle-dependent and vesicle-independent trafficking”. In: Advanced drug delivery reviews 49.3, pp. 237–250.

Maxfield, Frederick R and Timothy E McGraw (2004). “Endocytic recycling”. In: Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 5.2, p. 121.

McGorty, Ryan, Daichi Kamiyama, and Bo Huang (2013). “Active microscope stabilization in three dimensions using image correlation”. In: Optical nanoscopy 2.1, p. 3.

Meijering, Erik, Oleh Dzyubachyk, and Ihor Smal (2012). “Methods for cell and particle tracking”. In: Methods in enzymology. Vol. 504. Elsevier, pp. 183–200.

Metzler, Ralf and Joseph Klafter (2000). “The random walk’s guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach”. In: Physics reports 339.1, pp. 1–77.

Milo, Ron and Rob Phillips (2015). Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science.

Mudrakola, Harsha V, Kai Zhang, and Bianxiao Cui (2009). “Optically resolving individual microtubules in live axons”. In: Structure 17.11, pp. 1433–1441.

Mullins, R Dyche, John A Heuser, and Thomas D Pollard (1998). “The interaction of Arp2/3 complex with actin: nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and formation of branching networks of filaments”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95.11, pp. 6181–6186.

Nan, Xiaolin et al. (2005). “Observation of individual microtubule motor steps in living cells with endocytosed quantum dots”. In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109.51, pp. 24220–24224.

Narvekar, Niranjan D and Lina J Karam (2011). “A no-reference image blur metric based on the cumulative probability of blur detection (CPBD)”. In: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 20.9, pp. 2678–2683.

Neuman, Keir C and Attila Nagy (2008). “Single-molecule force spectroscopy: optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy”. In: Nature methods 5.6, p. 491.

Nishiyama, Masayoshi et al. (2001). “Substeps within the 8-nm step of the ATPase cycle of single kinesin molecules”. In: Nature cell biology 3.4, p. 425.

Obara, Takeshi, Yasunobu Igarashi, and Koichi Hashimoto (2011). “Fast and adaptive auto-focusing algorithm for microscopic cell observation”. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 7–12.

Okada, Yasushi, Hideo Higuchi, and Nobutaka Hirokawa (2003). “Processivity of the single-headed kinesin KIF1A through biased binding to tubulin”. In: Nature 424.6948, p. 574.

Oku, Hiromasa, Masatoshi Ishikawa, Koichi Hashimoto, et al. (2006). “High-speed autofocusing of a cell using diffraction patterns”. In: Optics Express 14.9, pp. 3952– 3960.

Pavani, Sri Rama Prasanna et al. (2009). “Three-dimensional, single-molecule fluorescence imaging beyond the diffraction limit by using a double-helix point spread function”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.9, pp. 2995– 2999.

Qian, Hong, Michael P Sheetz, and Elliot L Elson (1991). “Single particle tracking. Analysis of diffusion and flow in two-dimensional systems”. In: Biophysical journal 60.4, pp. 910–921.

Racine, Victor et al. (2007). “Visualization and quantification of vesicle trafficking on a three-dimensional cytoskeleton network in living cells”. In: Journal of Microscopy 225.3, pp. 214–228.

Rock, Ronald S et al. (2001). “Myosin VI is a processive motor with a large step size”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.24, pp. 13655–13659.

Röding, Magnus et al. (2014). “Identifying directional persistence in intracellular particle motion using Hidden Markov Models”. In: Mathematical biosciences 248, pp. 140–145.

Ron Milo, Rob Phillips (2016). Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science. ISBN: 9780815345374.

Ross, Jennifer L, M Yusuf Ali, and David M Warshaw (2008). “Cargo transport: molecular motors navigate a complex cytoskeleton”. In: Current opinion in cell biology 20.1, pp. 41–47.

Ross, Jennifer L et al. (2008). “Kinesin and dynein-dynactin at intersecting microtubules: motor density affects dynein function”. In: Biophysical journal 94.8, pp. 3115– 3125.

Savin, Thierry and Patrick S Doyle (2007). “Statistical and sampling issues when using multiple particle tracking”. In: Physical Review E 76.2, p. 021501.

Savitzky, Abraham and Marcel JE Golay (1964). “Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.” In: Analytical chemistry 36.8, pp. 1627– 1639.

Schuster-Böckler, Benjamin and Alex Bateman (2007). “An introduction to hidden Markov models”. In: Current protocols in bioinformatics 18.1, A–3A.

Simons, Kai and Elina Ikonen (1997). “Functional rafts in cell membranes”. In: Nature 387.6633, p. 569.

Sorkin, Alexander and Mark von Zastrow (2002). “Signal transduction and endocytosis: close encounters of many kinds”. In: Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 3.8, p. 600.

Speidel, Michael, Alexandr Jonáš, and Ernst-Ludwig Florin (2003). “Three-dimensional tracking of fluorescent nanoparticles with subnanometer precision by use of offfocus imaging”. In: Optics letters 28.2, pp. 69–71.

Svitkina, Tatyana M and Gary G Borisy (1999). “Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia”. In: The Journal of cell biology 145.5, pp. 1009–1026.

Taute, Katja M, Francesco Pampaloni, and Ernst-Ludwig Florin (2010). “Extracting the mechanical properties of microtubules from thermal fluctuation measurements on an attached tracer particle”. In: Methods in cell biology. Vol. 95. Elsevier, pp. 601–615.

Taute, Katja M et al. (2008). “Microtubule dynamics depart from the wormlike chain model”. In: Physical review letters 100.2, p. 028102.

Titus, Margaret A (1997). “Unconventional myosins: new frontiers in actin-based motors”. In: Trends in cell biology 7.3, pp. 119–123.

Toba, Shiori et al. (2006). “Overlapping hand-over-hand mechanism of single molecular motility of cytoplasmic dynein”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.15, pp. 5741–5745.

Toprak, Erdal et al. (2007). “Three-dimensional particle tracking via bifocal imaging”. In: Nano letters 7.7, pp. 2043–2045.

Tounsi, Abdelouahed et al. (2010). “Vibration and length-dependent flexural rigidity of protein microtubules using higher order shear deformation theory”. In: Journal of theoretical biology 266.2, pp. 250–255.

Ukil, Abhisek, Vishal H Shah, and Bernhard Deck (2011). “Fast computation of arctangent functions for embedded applications: A comparative analysis”. In: Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2011 IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 1206– 1211.

Vale, Ronald D (1987). “Intracellular transport using microtubule-based motors”. In: Annual review of cell biology 3.1, pp. 347–378.— (2003). “The molecular motor toolbox for intracellular transport”. In: Cell 112.4, pp. 467–480.

Veigel, Claudia and Christoph F Schmidt (2011). “Moving into the cell: single-molecule studies of molecular motors in complex environments”. In: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12.3, p. 163.

Velmurugan, Ramraj et al. (2017). “Intensity-based axial localization approaches for multifocal plane microscopy”. In: Optics express 25.4, pp. 3394–3410.

Verdeny-Vilanova, Ione et al. (2017). “3D motion of vesicles along microtubules helps them to circumvent obstacles in cells”. In: J Cell Sci 130.11, pp. 1904–1916.

Vershinin, Michael et al. (2007). “Multiple-motor based transport and its regulation by Tau”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.1, pp. 87–92.

Wang, CY, CQ Ru, and A Mioduchowski (2006). “Orthotropic elastic shell model for buckling of microtubules”. In: Physical Review E 74.5, p. 052901.

Watanabe, Tomonobu M et al. (2007). “Three-dimensional nanometry of vesicle transport in living cells using dual-focus imaging optics”. In: Biochemical and biophysical research communications 359.1, pp. 1–7.

Weaver Jr, William, Stephen P Timoshenko, and Donovan Harold Young (1990). Vibration problems in engineering. John Wiley & Sons.

Wells, Amber L et al. (1999). “Myosin VI is an actin-based motor that moves backwards”. In: Nature 401.6752, p. 505.

Welte, Michael A (2004). “Bidirectional transport along microtubules”. In: Current Biology 14.13, R525–R537.

Wilson, Leslie, Paul T Matsudaira, and Michael P Sheetz (1997). Laser tweezers in cell biology. Vol. 55. Academic Press.

Wood, Frank, K Esbensen, and P Geladi (1987). “Principal component analysis”. In: Chemometr. Intel. Lab. Syst 2.1987, pp. 37–52.

Woolner, Sarah and William M Bement (2009). “Unconventional myosins acting unconventionally”. In: Trends in cell biology 19.6, pp. 245–252.

Wu, Jun et al. (2011). “How dynein and microtubules rotate the nucleus”. In: Journal of cellular physiology 226.10, pp. 2666–2674.

Xiao, Yan et al. (2010). “Dynamics and mechanisms of quantum dot nanoparticle cellular uptake”. In: Journal of nanobiotechnology 8.1, p. 13.

Yildiz, Ahmet et al. (2003). “Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization”. In: science 300.5628, pp. 2061–2065.

Young, Ian T and Lucas J Van Vliet (1995). “Recursive implementation of the Gaussian filter”. In: Signal processing 44.2, pp. 139–151.

Zhang, Leshuai W and Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere (2009). “Mechanisms of quantum dot nanoparticle cellular uptake”. In: Toxicological Sciences 110.1, pp. 138–155.

参考文献をもっと見る