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Comparative morphometric study of obstetrical adaptations in primate skeleton including fetal stage

Kawada, Mikaze 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k24181

2022.09.26

概要

ヒトは他の哺乳類に比べ特に難産である。これは、ヒトの生物学的特徴である直立二足歩行と大きな脳に起因している。直立二足歩行へ適応した結果、骨盤において産道は狭まり、出産には不都合な形状となった。さらに成体の脳の大型化に伴って新生児の頭部サイズは母親の産道サイズに迫るまで拡大した。骨盤の拡大は産道を広げるが、直立二足歩行の運動効率を低下させるため、それのみにより難産を解消することは適応的でないとされている。本研究は、ヒトが難産という問題にどのように対応しているのかという問いに関し、2つの研究を行なった。

第2章では、胎児の頭蓋骨と母親の骨盤の形態共変異に関する分析を行った。ヒトにおいては難産に伴う分娩失敗が選択圧となり、母親の産道形態に適合するように胎児の頭部形態が決定される機構（児頭−骨盤共変異）が進化しているという仮説が提唱された。しかしヒトの親子で、これを実証することは実質的に不可能であり、この仮説は間接的データに依拠していた。そこで、ヒト並みに難産の度合いが強いアカゲザルの周産期個体（母親とその胎児）をCT撮像することで骨格を計測し、児頭−骨盤共変異の有無、さらにそれが分娩失敗のリスクをどのように軽減しているかを検証した。

その結果、アカゲザルにおいて児頭−骨盤共変異が存在することを初めて直接的に確認した。さらに、骨盤において胎児の頭部形状と強く共変異する部分が産道を構成する小骨盤に集中していたこと、胎児の頭部と母親の産道形状の変動傾向が一致していたこと、具体的には円に近い断面形状をもつ頭部に対しては丸い産道形状、⻑細い断面形状をもつ頭部に対しては楕円形の産道形状という対応関係が確認された。この結果は児頭−骨盤共変異が分娩失敗のリスクを低減するために機能していることを示した。アカゲザルに児頭−骨盤共変異が存在したことは、ヒトを含む他の霊⻑類においても児頭−骨盤共変異が存在する可能性を示唆する。

第3章では、ヒトを含む霊⻑類3種において肩の成⻑発達に関する横断的研究を行った。従来、難産の要因として胎児の頭部が注目されてきた。しかし、ヒトは頭が大きいだけではなく肩幅も広い。頭部が出たにも関わらず肩が産道内に留まる肩甲難産がヒトでは珍しくなく、実は肩も頭と同様に難産の主要因の一つである。難産緩和の戦略として、ヒトでは胎児期における頭部の成⻑抑制が特異的に存在することが知られている。そこで、ヒトでは難産緩和のための適応として頭部でみられたような特殊な成⻑様式が肩においても存在するのかを調査した。

成体の肩幅と肩甲難産リスクが異なるヒト、チンパンジー、ニホンザルにおいて、肩幅に直接関係する鎖骨の成⻑を標本観察によって横断的に調査した結果、ヒトでは出生が近づくと、鎖骨成⻑が減速し、出生後にそれを補うように加速することが明らかになった。この現象はチンパンジー、ニホンザルにおいてはみられず、ヒトにおいても他の骨にはみられない鎖骨特有の成⻑様式であった。頭部で報告されていた、難産という選択圧により発生した成⻑様式の特殊化が肩においても存在することが初めて明らかになった。この点は、ヒトの骨格発達において出産の制約が従来考えられていたよりも広範に影響していることを示す。

論文の公開元へ

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Chapter3

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Chapter4

Falk, D., Hildebolt, C., Smith, K., Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, Wayhu Saptomo, E., & Prior, F. (2009). LB1’s virtual endocast, microcephaly, and hominin brain evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(5), 597-607. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.008

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Schultz, A. H. (1949). Sex differences in the pelves of primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 7(3), 401-424. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330070307

Tague, R. G., & Lovejoy, C. O. (1986). The obstetric pelvis of A.L. 288-1 (Lucy). Journal of Human Evolution, 15(4), 237-255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80052-5

Washburn, S. L. (1960). Tools and human evolution. Scientific American, 203(3), 62-75.

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Comparative morphometric study of obstetrical adaptations in primate skeleton including fetal stage

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Human shoulder development is adapted to obstetrical constraints

Functional morphology of the trunk in primates: implications for the evolution of human bipedalism

Three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic and fetal thigh muscles using magnetic resonance and phase-contrast X-ray imaging

Pelvic shape change in adult Japanese macaques and implications for childbirth at old age

Gliding performance is positively affected by the cranial movement of the abdominal organs

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大学

学位論文種類・取得年

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Comparative morphometric study of obstetrical adaptations in primate skeleton including fetal stage

概要

関連論文

Human shoulder development is adapted to obstetrical constraints

Functional morphology of the trunk in primates: implications for the evolution of human bipedalism

Three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic and fetal thigh muscles using magnetic resonance and phase-contrast X-ray imaging

Pelvic shape change in adult Japanese macaques and implications for childbirth at old age

Gliding performance is positively affected by the cranial movement of the abdominal organs

参考文献