1. Heffler E, Blasi F, Latorre M, Menzella F, Paggiaro P, Pelaia G, Senna G,
Canonica GW, Network S. The severe asthma network in italy: findings
and perspectives. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7:1462–8.
2. Crimi C, Ferri S, Campisi R, Crimi N. The link between asthma and bronchiectasis: state of the art. Respiration. 2020;99:463–76.
3. Kang HR, Choi GS, Park SJ, Song YK, Kim JM, Ha J, Lee YH, Lee BH, Kim SH,
Lee JH. The effects of bronchiectasis on asthma exacerbation. Tuberc
Respir Dis (Seoul). 2014;77:209–14.
4. Padilla-Galo A, Olveira C, Fernández de Rota-Garcia L, Marco-Galve I,
Plata AJ, Alvarez A, Rivas-Ruiz F, Carmona-Olveira A, Cebrian-Gallardo JJ,
Martinez-Garcia MA. Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients
with uncontrolled asthma; the NOPES score: a study in 398 patients.
Respir Res. 2018;19:43.
5. Matsumoto H. Bronchiectasis in severe asthma and asthmatic components in bronchiectasis. Respir Investig. 2022;60:187–96.
6. Tsikrika S, Dimakou K, Papaioannou AI, Hillas G, Thanos L, Kostikas K,
Loukides S, Papiris S, Koulouris N, Bakakos P. The role of non-invasive
modalities for assessing inflammation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis
bronchiectasis. Cytokine. 2017;99:281–6.
7. Shoemark A, Shteinberg M, De Soyza A, Haworth CS, Richardson H, Gao
Y, Perea L, Dicker AJ, Goeminne PC, Cant E, et al. Characterization of
eosinophilic bronchiectasis: A European Multicohort Study. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med. 2022;205:894–902.
8. McDowell PJ, Diver S, Yang F, Borg C, Busby J, Brown V, Shrimanker R, Cox
C, Brightling CE, Chaudhuri R, et al. The inflammatory profile of exacerbations in patients with severe refractory eosinophilic asthma receiving
mepolizumab (the MEX study): a prospective observational study. Lancet
Respir Med. 2021;9:1174–84.
9. Winningham PJ, Martínez-Jiménez S, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Betancourt SL, Restrepo CS, Eraso A. Bronchiolitis: a practical approach for the
general radiologist. Radiographics. 2017;37:777–94.
10. Takayanagi N, Kanazawa M, Kawabata Y, Colby TV. Chronic bronchiolitis
with associated eosinophilic lung disease (eosinophilic bronchiolitis).
Respiration. 2001;68:319–22.
11. Tsang KW, Leung R, Fung PC, Chan SL, Tipoe GL, Ooi GC, Lam WK. Exhaled
and sputum nitric oxide in bronchiectasis: correlation with clinical parameters. Chest. 2002;121:88–94.
12. Huang YJ, Nariya S, Harris JM, Lynch SV, Choy DF, Arron JR, Boushey H.
The airway microbiome in patients with severe asthma: associations with
disease features and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:874–84.
13. Aoki A, Hirahara K, Kiuchi M, Nakayama T. Eosinophils: cells known for
over 140 years with broad and new functions. Allergol Int. 2021;70:3–8.
14. Kolsum U, Donaldson GC, Singh R, Barker BL, Gupta V, George L, Webb AJ,
Thurston S, Brookes AJ, McHugh TD, et al. Blood and sputum eosinophils
in COPD; relationship with bacterial load. Respir Res. 2017;18:88.
Page 12 of 13
15. Travers J, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophils in mucosal immune responses.
Mucosal Immunol. 2015;8:464–75.
16. Pulido D, Prats-Ejarque G, Villalba C, Albacar M, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ, Torrent
M, Moussaoui M, Boix E. A novel RNase 3/ECP peptide for Pseudomonas
aeruginosa biofilm eradication that combines antimicrobial, lipopolysaccharide binding, and cell-agglutinating activities. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother. 2016;60:6313–25.
17. Ho LP, Innes JA, Greening AP. Exhaled nitric oxide is not elevated in the
inflammatory airways diseases of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Eur
Respir J. 1998;12:1290–4.
18. American Thoracic S, European Respiratory S. ATS/ERS recommendations
for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of
exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:912–30.
19. Dressel H, de la Motte D, Reichert J, Ochmann U, Petru R, Angerer P, Holz
O, Nowak D, Jorres RA. Exhaled nitric oxide: independent effects of atopy,
smoking, respiratory tract infection, gender and height. Respir Med.
2008;102:962–9.
20. Bayarri MA, Milara J, Estornut C, Cortijo J. Nitric oxide system and bronchial epithelium: more than a barrier. Front Physiol. 2021;12: 687381.
21. Ricciardolo FL, Sterk PJ, Gaston B, Folkerts G. Nitric oxide in health and
disease of the respiratory system. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:731–65.
22. Barbier M, Agusti A, Alberti S. Fluticasone propionate reduces bacterial
airway epithelial invasion. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:1283–8.
23. Malo de Molina R, Mortensen EM, Restrepo MI, Copeland LA, Pugh MJ,
Anzueto A. Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with lower mortality
for subjects with COPD and hospitalised with pneumonia. Eur Respir J.
2010;36:751–7.
24. O’Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Carlsson LG, Radner F, Thoren A, Peterson S, Ernst
P, Suissa S. Risks of pneumonia in patients with asthma taking inhaled
corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:589–95.
25. Heffler E, Madeira LNG, Ferrando M, Puggioni F, Racca F, Malvezzi L, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Inhaled corticosteroids safety and adverse effects
in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:776–81.
26. McKeever T, Harrison TW, Hubbard R, Shaw D. Inhaled corticosteroids and
the risk of pneumonia in people with asthma: a case-control study. Chest.
2013;144:1788–94.
27. Beasley R, Harper J, Bird G, Maijers I, Weatherall M, Pavord ID. Inhaled
corticosteroid therapy in adult asthma. Time for a new therapeutic dose
terminology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:1471–7.
28. Global Initiative for Asthma: Global Strategy for Asthma Management
and Prevention., May 17 2021 edition. https://ginasthma.org/wp-conte
nt/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf; 2021.
29. Taylor SL, Leong LEX, Choo JM, Wesselingh S, Yang IA, Upham JW, Reynolds PN, Hodge S, James AL, Jenkins C, et al. Inflammatory phenotypes in
patients with severe asthma are associated with distinct airway microbiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(94–103): e115.
30. Hilty M, Burke C, Pedro H, Cardenas P, Bush A, Bossley C, Davies J, Ervine A,
Poulter L, Pachter L, et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic
airways. PLoS ONE. 2010;5: e8578.
31. Denner DR, Sangwan N, Becker JB, Hogarth DK, Oldham J, Castillo J,
Sperling AI, Solway J, Naureckas ET, Gilbert JA, White SR. Corticosteroid
therapy and airflow obstruction influence the bronchial microbiome,
which is distinct from that of bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatic airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(1398–1405): e1393.
32. Henkle E, Curtis JR, Chen L, Chan B, Aksamit TR, Daley CL, Griffith DE,
Winthrop KL. Comparative risks of chronic inhaled corticosteroids and
macrolides for bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2019;54:1801896.
33. Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, Murris M, Canton R, Torres A, Dimakou K, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur
Respir J. 2017;50:1700629.
34. Durack J, Lynch SV, Nariya S, Bhakta NR, Beigelman A, Castro M, Dyer AM,
Israel E, Kraft M, Martin RJ, et al. Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled
corticosteroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:63–75.
35. Ghebre MA, Pang PH, Diver S, Desai D, Bafadhel M, Haldar K, Kebadze
T, Cohen S, Newbold P, Rapley L, et al. Biological exacerbation clusters
demonstrate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap
with distinct mediator and microbiome profiles. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2018;141(2027–2036): e2012.
Nomura et al. Respiratory Research
(2022) 23:365
Page 13 of 13
36. King PT. The pathophysiology of bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct
Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:411–9.
37. Chang AB, Upham JW, Masters IB, Redding GR, Gibson PG, Marchant JM,
Grimwood K. Protracted bacterial bronchitis: the last decade and the road
ahead. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:225–42.
38. Takemura M, Niimi A, Minakuchi M, Matsumoto H, Ueda T, Chin K,
Mishima M. Bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum
indices. Chest. 2004;125:1352–8.
39. Polverino E, Dimakou K, Hurst J, Martinez-Garcia MA, Miravitlles M,
Paggiaro P, Shteinberg M, Aliberti S, Chalmers JD. The overlap between
bronchiectasis and chronic airway diseases: state of the art and future
directions. Eur Respir J. 2018;52:1800328.
40. Mäntylä J, Mazur W, Törölä T, Bergman P, Saarinen T, Kauppi P. Asthma as
aetiology of bronchiectasis in Finland. Respir Med. 2019;152:105–11.
41. Aliberti S, Goeminne PC, O’Donnell AE, Aksamit TR, Al-Jahdali H, Barker
AF, Blasi F, Boersma WG, Crichton ML, De Soyza A, et al. Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults
for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations. Lancet
Respir Med. 2022;10:298–306.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Ready to submit your research ? Choose BMC and benefit from:
• fast, convenient online submission
• thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field
• rapid publication on acceptance
• support for research data, including large and complex data types
• gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations
• maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year
At BMC, research is always in progress.
Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions
...