1 Nishioka S, Wakabayashi H, Momosaki R. Nutritional status changes and activities of daily living after hip fracture in convalescent rehabilitation units: a retrospective observational cohort study from the Japan Rehabilitation Nutrition Database. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(7):1270–1276. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.02.012.
2 Damião R, Meneguci J, da Silva Santos Á, Matijasevich A, Menezes PR. Nutritional risk and quality of life in community-dwelling elderly: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(1):111–116. doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0935-y.
3 Naseer M, Forssell H, Fagerström C. Malnutrition, functional ability and mortality among older people aged ≥60 years: a 7-year longitudinal study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(3):399–404. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.196.
4 Gärtner S, Kraft M, Krüger J, et al. Geriatric nutritional risk index correlates with length of hospital stay and inflammatory markers in older inpatients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1048–1053. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.019.
5 Bouillanne O, Morineau G, Dupont C, et al. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(4):777–783. doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.4.777.
6 Ferguson M, Capra S, Bauer J, Banks M. Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients. Nutrition. 1999;15(6):458–464. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00084-2.
7 Elia M. Screening for malnutrition: a multidisciplinary responsibility. Development and use of the ‘Malnutri- tion Universal Screening Tool’(‘MUST’) for adults. Redditch: Malnutrition Advisory Group, a Standing Committee of BAPEN. https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must-report.pdf.Published October 2012. Accessed January, 2020.
8 Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(4):415–421. doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00098-0.
9 Kyle UG, Soundar EP, Genton L, Pichard C. Can phase angle determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis assess nutritional risk? A comparison between healthy and hospitalized subjects. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(6):875–881. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.002.
10 Varan HD, Bolayir B, Kara O, et al. Phase angle assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis and its predictive value for malnutrition risk in hospitalized geriatric patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(6):1121– 1126. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0528-8.
11 Slee A, Birch D, Stokoe D. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis, phase-angle assessment and relation- ship with malnutrition risk in a cohort of frail older hospital patients in the United Kingdom. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):132–137. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.002.
12 Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Bosy-Westphal A. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis–clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(6):854–861. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008.
13 Campa F. Silva AM, Toselli S. Changes in phase angle and handgrip strength induced by suspension training in older women. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39(6):442–449. doi:10.1055/a-0574-3166.
14 Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Souza MF, et al. Resistance training prescription with different load-management methods improves phase angle in older women. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(7):913–921. doi:10.1080/174613 91.2017.1310932.
15 Dos Santos L, Cyrino ES, Antunes M, Santos DA, Sardinha LB. Changes in phase angle and body composi- tion induced by resistance training in older women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(12):1408–1413. doi:10.1038/ ejcn.2016.124.
16 Tomeleri CM, Cavalcante EF, Antunes M, et al. Phase angle is moderately associated with muscle quality and functional capacity, independent of age and body composition in older women. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017;42(4):281–286. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000161.
17 Tomeleri CM, Cavaglieri CR, de Souza MF, et al. Phase angle is related with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in older women. Exp Gerontol. 2018;102:12–18. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.019.
18 Graf CE, Herrmann FR, Genton L. Relation of disease with standardized phase angle among older patients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(5):601–607. doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1034-4.
19 Norman K, Wirth R, Neubauer M, Eckardt R, Stobäus N. The bioimpedance phase angle predicts low muscle strength, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality in old patients with cancer. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(2):173.e17–e22. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.024.
20 Kilic MK, Kizilarslanoglu MC, Arik G, et al. Association of bioelectrical impedance analysis–derived phase angle and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(1):103–109. doi:10.1177/0884533616664503.
21 Tanaka S, Ando K, Kobayashi K, et al. A low phase angle measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis is associated with osteoporosis and is a risk factor for osteoporosis in community-dwelling people: the Yakumo study. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13(1):39. doi:10.1007/s11657-018-0450-8.
22 Lukaski HC, Kyle UG, Kondrup J. Assessment of adult malnutrition and prognosis with bioelectrical imped- ance analysis: phase angle and impedance ratio. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(5):330–339. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000387.
23 Genton L, Norman K, Spoerri A, et al. Bioimpedance-derived phase angle and mortality among older people. Rejuvenation Res. 2017;20(2):118–124. doi:10.1089/rej.2016.1879.
24 Genton L, Herrmann FR, Spörri A, Graf CE. Association of mortality and phase angle measured by different bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(3):1066–1069. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2017.03.023.
25 Gonzalez MC, Barbosa-Silva TG, Bielemann RM, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Phase angle and its determinants in healthy subjects: influence of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):712–716. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.116772.
26 Hajek A, Brettschneider C, van den Bussche H, et al. Impact of falls on depressive symptoms among the oldest old: Results from the AgeQualiDe study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(10):1383–1388. doi:10.1002/gps.4949.
27 Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Later W, Wiese S, Müller MJ. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(4):309–316. doi:10.1177/0148607106030004309.
28 Jayanama K, Putadechakun S, Srisuwarn P, et al. Evaluation of body composition in hemodialysis Thai patients: comparison between two models of bioelectrical impedance analyzer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Nutr Metab. 2018;4537623. doi:10.1155/2018/4537623.
29 Kim D, Sun JS, Lee YH, Lee JH, Hong J, Lee JM. Comparative assessment of skeletal muscle mass using computerized tomography and bioelectrical impedance analysis in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2747–2755. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.002.
30 Piccoli A, Pillon L, Dumler F. Impedance vector distribution by sex, race, body mass index, and age in the United States: standard reference intervals as bivariate Z scores. Nutrition. 2002;18(2):153–167. doi:10.1016/ s0899-9007(01)00665-7.
31 Player EL, Morris P, Thomas T, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived phase angle (PA) is a practical aid to nutritional assessment in hospital in-patients. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(4):1700–1706. doi:10.1016/j. clnu.2018.08.003.
32 Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(6):1430–1453. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.09.012.