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Salmonella contamination in layer farm : The consequence of rodent infestation

Sherwin Ibasco Camba 大阪府立大学 DOI:info:doi/10.24729/00016941

2020.06.24

概要

Human salmonellosis is one of the most frequently occurring food-borne diseases worldwide. There were an estimated 1.4 million cases annually worldwide (Voetsch et al., 2004). Non-typhoidal salmonellae commonly cause self-limiting gastroenteritis, bacteremia and meningitis. There are more than 2,500 Salmonella serotypes identified throughout the world and the occurrence varies in various countries. Some serotypes may become widespread in a geographical area for a period of time and then persists or decline in incidence. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) was generally the most common serotype from poultry in many countries, between the 1950s until the late 1970s. In the mid-1980s, the incidence of ST infections in humans declined. On the other hand, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) grew to become the most frequently reported Salmonella serotype isolated in the United States, UK, and Japan in 1990s. In a survey of infectious intestinal disease from 1993-1996, the incidence of infectious non-typhoidal Salmonella in the community in England was 2.2 cases per 1,000 persons per year (95% CI, 1.1-4.3) but by 2008-2009 this had fallen to 0.7 cases per 1,000 persons per year (95% CI, 0.2-3.0). Between 1992 and 2008, foodborne Salmonella outbreaks reported in the UK fell from nearly 150 per year to just over 20 annually, and the pattern of decline closely similar to that of laboratory-confirmed cases. Although significantly lower compared to 1980s and 1990s, the incidence of Salmonella infections from humans have stable from 2010 to 2018 with an average annual incidence of 15.2 cases/100,000 individuals in the United States (CDC, 2019).

　Foods prepared with contaminated raw eggs, egg products, and insufficiently heated poultry meat and pork have been identified as primary source of human Salmonella infections. It was found that more than 70% of human salmonellosis in the USA was attributed to the consumption of contaminated poultry-based food products (CDC, 2019). Several Salmonella outbreaks in most countries caused a massive recall of more than half a billion eggs (Kuehn et al., 2010). An increase in human infections due to S. Enteritidis was also observed with concomitant increase in the isolations from poultry-related sources occurred between 2007 and 2010 in Canada (Taylor et al., 2012). In Japan, Salmonella Infantis has been observed to be common in both layer and broiler chickens (Iwabuchi et al., 2011). Salmonella Kentucky, S. Schwarzengrund, and S. Hiedelberg have also reported to be increasing in US poultry in recent years.

　The sources of Salmonella infection for domestic fowl are numerous. Poultry and other animals are often carriers and may excrete Salmonella in their feces and form a large reservoir and source of contamination for other animals, humans and the environment. The transmission of Salmonella in poultry is via horizontal route by litter feces, feed, water, fluff, dust, shaving, straw, insects, equipment, and other fomites contaminated by Salmonella and by contact with other chicks, wild birds, rodents, and other domestic and wild animals including humans. Vertical transmission to progeny in poultry occurs when the ovary is infected or the developing eggs become infected in the oviduct.

　Rodents play an important role in the transmission of Salmonella infection in poultry (Henzler and Opitz, 1992; Annon, 1995). There is a correlation between the frequency of rodent infestation and Salmonella transmission to layers (Carrique-Mas et al., 2009; Lapuz et al., 2012). Henzler and Opitz (1995) described that S. Enteritidis isolation in mice obtained from poultry farm was three times higher than that from environment. High prevalence (24%) of S. Enteritidis was found in commensal mice present on contaminated chicken houses. On the other hand, in the same study, S. Enteritidis was not found in mice from Salmonella-negative houses. Davies and Wray (1995) demonstrated that S. Enteritidis isolation in mice obtained from SE-contaminated layer and broiler farms were infective to pullets up to two months after experimental inoculation. Laying birds are commonly infected via oral infection thru rodent droppings (Umali et al., 2012). With that, the presence of resident rodent population is an important risk factor for egg contamination which could lead to serious foodborne outbreaks. Despite several reports made throughout the years, there is still much to know about the role of rodents in the occurrence of various Salmonella serotypes in layer farms. This thesis was attempted to put in perspective the understanding of mechanism of Salmonella transmission from rodents to poultry and farm environment.

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