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Studies on the characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated from raw poultry products brought to Japan by international flight passengers

柴田, 明弘 北海道大学

2021.03.25

概要

鳥インフルエンザウイルスは A 型インフルエンザウイルスに分類され、野鳥や家きんに対して感染性を示す病原体である。カモ類に代表される野生の水きん類は鳥インフルエンザウイルスの自然宿主と考えられており、こうした野生水きん類で循環する鳥インフルエンザウイルスは非病原性であることが知られている。しかし、家きんへの感染を繰り返すことにより、ニワトリに対する高い病原性を獲得することがあり、これまでのところ H5 亜型及び H7 亜型の鳥インフルエンザウイルスにおいて高病原性化することが報告されている。ニワトリに対し高い病原性を示す鳥インフルエンザウイルスは高病原性鳥インフルエンザウイルスと呼ばれ、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アフリカ、北米の家きんや野鳥に拡大し、経済的な被害をもたらしている。鳥インフルエンザウイルスは渡り鳥を介して国境を越えて長距離伝播するほか、感染した家きんが摘発を受けずに畜産物処理され長距離輸送された場合にも、長距離伝播する要因となる。

近年、国際空海港に違法に持ち込まれる畜産物の摘発件数は増加しており、家きん畜産物を介した鳥インフルエンザウイルスの侵入について危惧される。このため、本研究では全国の空海港に携帯品として持ち込まれ、動物検疫所における検査で任意放棄された未加熱の家きん畜産物を対象に鳥インフルエンザウイルス汚染状況の調査を実施した。

2015 年～2016 年に実施した調査では高病原性の H5 亜型を含む 8 株の鳥インフルエンザウイルスが分離され、分離株は当時中国を始めとする東アジアで流行している株と遺伝学的に近縁であることが分かった。ニワトリに対して致死的な症状を示す H5 亜型高病原性株が鶏畜産物から分離されたことは、当該感染鶏が摘発を受けずにと殺され、畜産物処理された事を示している。中国や一部の国で認められる家きんへのワクチン接種は感染鶏の発見を見逃す危険性を伴う。また、H5 亜型高病原性株は水きん類であるバリケンの畜産物からも分離されており、接種試験の結果からこれらの株はバリケンに対する病原性は低いことが示唆された。こうした家きんへの感染は高病原性株を拡散させる要因となることから、鳥インフルエンザウイルスの流行とさらなる拡散を防ぐためには、継続的なサーベイランスとワクチンに頼らない摘発・淘汰の実施が望まれる。

2016 年～2018 年に実施した調査では中国本土以外で家きんから初めて H7N9 亜型株が分離され、H7N9 亜型のリアソータントウイルスである H7N3 亜型株も初めて分離された。いずれもバリケンの畜産物から分離されており、感染個体が摘発を受けずに畜産物処理されたものと考えられた。ニワトリを用いた接種試験から 2016年に分離された低病原性 H7N9 亜型株 Dk/HE28-3 (H7N9)は、2013 年にヒトに致死的感染を起こした H7N9 亜型株 A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9)と比較し、ニワトリの主要臓器における増殖性は高いことが示唆された。また、2017 年以降に分離された高病原性 H7N9 亜型株 Dk/HE29-22 (H7N9)を用いて実施したニワトリへの接種試験では、ニワトリの主要臓器における増殖性はさらに高くなっており、流行地におけるH7N9 亜型株のニワトリにおける馴化が進行していることが示唆された。ニワトリに対する病原性においても 2017 年に分離された Dk/HE29-22 (H7N9)の IVPI が 2.88であったことに対し、2018 年に分離された Dk/HE30-1 (H7N3)の IVPI は 2.99 であったことから、中国 H7 亜型株のニワトリに対する病原性も高まっていることが示唆された。

国際旅客における畜産物の違法持ち込みが後を絶たない状況の中、2019 年 4 月以降に家畜伝染病予防法が改正され、畜産物の違法持ち込みに係る罰則が強化された。畜産物の違法な持ち込みが発覚した場合には、違反者に警告書を発出し、違反した旅客の情報を記録し再発の防止を図るとともに、悪質性を認める場合には警察への通報も行われる。罰則が強化されて以降、2020 年 10 月時点において 6 件 9 名が逮捕されている。さらに、2020 年 7 月以降、違反した際の罰則金の最高額が引き上げられたほか、空港における検疫探知犬の更なる増頭も計画されており、畜産物の違法持ち込みに対する水際検疫の一層の強化が進められている。

本研究により、国際旅客により違法に持ち込まれる家きん畜産物と一緒に感染性のある鳥インフルエンザウイルスが持ち込まれている現状が明らかになった。畜産物を介したウイルスの侵入防止には水際における検疫の強化に加え、持ち込みを避けるための旅客への違法性の周知が重要となる。本研究で得られた成果は、違法に持ち込まれる畜産物が感染性ウイルス拡散の要因となることについての科学的根拠となり、水際検疫の重要性を後押しするものとなる。

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