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Figure legends
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Figure 1. The global carbon cycle mediated by C1-miroorganisms and plants. Methane is
448
generated from CO2 by methanogens and C1-microorganisms including methanotrophs
449
and methanol-utilizing methylotrophs oxidize methane and other C1 compounds to
450
CO2. This cycle is known as methane cycle. Recently, C1-microorganisms in the
451
phyllosphere were found to utilize methane and methanol produced by plants. Positive
452
interactions between PPFMs and plants enhance CO2 fixation and increase plant
453
biomass (yield increase).
454
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Figure 2. Interactions between PPFMs and plants in the phyllosphere. PPFMs utilize
456
nutrients such as methanol as a carbon source and other cofactors such as vitamins.
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PPFMs provide benefit to plants by producing plant hormones, enhancing nutrient
458
uptake of plants, and inducing resistance to pathogens. PPFMs have various cellular
459
functions for adapting to diurnally changing environmental factors in the phyllosphere.
460
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Figure 3. Summary of the effects of PPFM treatment on rice crop yields (cultivar
462
Hakutsurunishiki). Graphs were replotted from the previously reported data (Yurimoto
463
et al. 2021). (a) The weight of brown rice in a commercial paddy field in 2017
464
following the indicated treatments. (b and c) The rate of ripening (b) and the unit yield
465
466
(c) in 2018 after the indicated treatments.
18
C1-microorganisms
Methane
cycle
CH4
CH3OH
HCHO
Emission
P la n t
b io m a s s
sio
Em
PPFMs
Plants
Yield increase
HCOOH
Methanogens
CO2
Plants
CO2 fixation
Degradation
Fig. 1
Nutrients (methanol, sugars, etc.)
Vitamins and their precursors
PPFMs
Adaptation to diurnally changing
environmental factors
Benefit
Plant hormones, Nutrient uptake,
Resistance to pathogens
Fig. 2
(a)
Cell wall polysaccharide fraction
Killed cells
Living cells
Control (spreading agent)
66
68
70
72
Weight of brown rice (Kg/a)
(b)
Killed cells after heading
Killed cells before heading
Killed cells before and after heading
Control (spreading agent)
68
(c)
72
76
80
Rate of ripening (%)
84
Killed cells after heading
Killed cells before heading
Killed cells before and after heading
Control (spreading agent)
480 520 560 600 640 680
Unit yield (g/m2)
Fig. 3
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