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Chimpanzee life history patterns and behavioral changes with age

Havercamp, Kristin Ann 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k23746

2022.03.23

概要

世界各国において飼育下の動物の個体群は急速に高齢化してきており、チンパンジーにおいても高齢化の傾向は顕著である。動物の生物学的な特性を理解するにあたって、その生活史の詳細な情報や、加齢に伴って生じる変化を把握することが重要である。また、そうした知見を得ることで、飼育下個体群の管理や福祉向上計画に活用することができる。動物の様々な年齢段階における死亡率や生存率などに関する生命表を得ることで生活史パターンを理解することができるが、生命表を作成するための十分な情報が収集されていない動物種も存在している。チンパンジーのような寿命の長い動物では量的に十分な資料を収集するために時間がかかる。また、長期にわたって個体データを集めることが難しいため、加齢に伴って生じる行動上の変化に関する知見も限られている。

 本研究は、飼育下のチンパンジーの寿命を分析し、地域間で比較することを目的にした。また、加齢に伴って生じる行動的な変化を、夜間の行動に焦点を当てて調べた。第1の研究では、日本国内に歴史的に飼育された記録が残っている合計821個体のチンパンジーの輸出入や出生、死亡の記録を統合し、生命表を作成して寿命を分析した。その結果、乳幼児死亡率が高いため全個体の平均寿命は20歳台と低い値となるが、12歳まで生存した個体に限って平均寿命を算出すると40.4歳であることが明らかとなった。性別によって生存率に有意な差がないことも示された。また、生後1年以内の新生児死亡率は約20%だった。

 第2の研究では、日本とアメリカの飼育チンパンジーの寿命を比較検討した。その結果、概略的には両国の飼育下チンパンジーの寿命はほぼ同程度であることが明らかとなった。ただし、日本では性別による死亡率の差はないのに対して、アメリカではオスのほうがメスより平均寿命が短いことが分かった。また、日本では新生児死亡率がアメリカより高い傾向にあった。

 第3の研究では、チンパンジーの睡眠パターンの加齢変化について、横断的研究と縦断的研究を組み合わせて検討した。横断的研究の結果では統計的には有意な差はほとんど見られなかったが、個体差が大きいことが加齢の影響を見えにくくしていると考えられた。一方、縦断的研究では、チンパンジーもヒトと同様に加齢とともに睡眠の質が低下していることが示唆された。したがって、加齢によって生じる睡眠の変化は、進化的に両種が分かれる以前に生じた特徴であると考えられる。

 以上の一連の研究により、ヒトに最も近縁な生き物であるチンパンジーの飼育下における生活史パターンについて、その寿命に関する詳細な定量的情報を提供することができた。従来も野生及び飼育下におけるチンパンジーの寿命に関しては算出がなされていたが、サンプルサイズが少ない、もしくはデータが偏っているなどの問題があり、本研究の成果が最新かつ最も信頼できる資料である。日本とアメリカで概ね寿命の差はなかったことから、チンパンジーの寿命に関する生物学的特徴を反映した結果と考えられる。また、睡眠に関してはチンパンジーもヒトと同様の加齢変化を示すことが確かめられた。ヒトの加齢現象の進化的基盤を考えるうえでも鍵となる知見と言
える。

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