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Wiegandパルスで駆動するバッテリーレス・モジュールの回路設計

孙 小雅 横浜国立大学 DOI:info:doi/10.18880/00014104

2021.11.24

概要

IoT（Internet of Things）とは、すべてのモノがインターネットに接続される技術、ま たはそのような情報化社会を表す概念である。モノに記録されている情報や、各種セン サから得られる情報をインターネットを経由して収集し、モノの状態や位置などを把握 することが可能になろうとしている。今後、多種多様な場所、モノにセンサが設置され ると予想され、電源の配線やメンテナンスが不要な自立型電源の活用が求められている。その解決策として身の周りに存在する微小なエネルギーを集め、発電するエネルギー・ハーベスティング（環境発電）への期待が高まっている。

本論文では、複合磁気ワイヤを用いる Wiegand センサを新たなエネルギー・ハーベスティング素子として活用することを提案し、その発電特性を明らかにした。このセンサは、外部磁界の時間変化率に依存しない、一定のパルス電圧を誘発するという特徴を有する。即ち、コイルに発生する誘導起電力は、それを貫く磁束の時間変化率に比例するというファラデーの電磁誘導に従わず、超低速の磁界変化に対してもパルス電圧を発生する。このパルス電圧を電子デバイスの駆動電源として利用したり、信号（パケット）の無線送信に必要な電力を賄うことができれば、電源配線や電池を必要としない無電源機器を実現できる。小型センサや無線モジュールと組み合わせることにより、電池交換や配線などが難しい場所でのセンシングを行うことが可能となる。メンテナンスフリーで長期間の運用が可能なため、IoT 分野での幅広い応用が期待される。

本論文の目的は、Wiegand センサが誘発するパルス電圧により電子機器を駆動する整流・平滑回路を明らかにすること、及び汎用性の高い発電素子として活用する手法を明らかにすることである。そこで、Wiegand センサの内部インダクタンス及び intrinsic なパルス電圧を算出し、発電素子としての特性を評価した。具体的には、Wiegand センサに接続した負荷回路の電圧・電流応答を実測し、電気回路モデルを構築、シミュレータ MATLAB®/Simulink®を用いてWiegand センサの内部インダクタンス及びintrinsic なパルス電圧を決定した。Wiegand センサを等価電源として記述できるようになったために、それに接続する回路を LTspice®を用いて設計することが初めて可能になった。最適なデバイスの選定及びパラメータの算出を行うことにより、自励式昇圧回路を設計し、安定な直流 5 V を出力する方法を見いだし、それを測定により実証した。

このように本論文では、Wiegand センサを発電素子として実用する指針を提示することに成功した。ここで得られた Wiegand センサ及びその接続回路に関する手法は、IoTを初めとした広範な応用が想定され、エレクトロニクス分野において意義のある研究成果である。

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