1. Selman M, Pardo A. Revealing the pathogenic and aging-related mechanisms of the enigmatic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an integral model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:1161–72.
2. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, Colby TV, Cordier JF, Flaherty KR, Lasky JA, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:788–824.
3. Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic reactions in lung disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2010;5:77–98.
4. King Jr TE, Pardo A, Selman M. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet. 2011; 378:1949–61.
5. Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, Azuma A, Brown KK, Costabel U, Cottin V, Flaherty KR, Hansell DM, Inoue Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2071–82.
6. King Jr TE, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S, Fagan EA, Glaspole I, Glassberg MK, Gorina E, Hopkins PM, Kardatzke D, Lancaster L, et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2083–92.
7. Oku H, Shimizu T, Kawabata T, Nagira M, Hikita I, Ueyama A, Matsushima S, Torii M, Arimura A. Antifibrotic action of pirfenidone and prednisolone: different effects on pulmonary cytokines and growth factors in bleomycin- induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;590:400–8.
8. Choi YH, Back KO, Kim HJ, Lee SY, Kook KH. Pirfenidone attenuates IL-1beta- induced COX-2 and PGE2 production in orbital fibroblasts through suppression of NF-kappaB activity. Exp Eye Res. 2013;113:1–8.
9. Chung SA, Jeon BK, Choi YH, Back KO, Lee JB, Kook KH. Pirfenidone attenuates the IL-1beta-induced hyaluronic acid increase in orbital fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:2276–83.
10. Gurujeyalakshmi G, Hollinger MA, Giri SN. Pirfenidone inhibits PDGF isoforms in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis at the translational level. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:L311–8.
11. Conte E, Gili E, Fagone E, Fruciano M, Iemmolo M, Vancheri C. Effect of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-beta-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2014;58:13–9.
12. Ji X, Naito Y, Weng H, Ma X, Endo K, Kito N, Yanagawa N, Yu Y, Li J, Iwai N. Renoprotective mechanisms of pirfenidone in hypertension-induced renal injury: through anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative stress pathways. Biomed Res. 2013;34:309–19.
13. Chen JF, Liu H, Ni HF, Lv LL, Zhang MH, Zhang AH, Tang RN, Chen PS, Liu BC. Improved mitochondrial function underlies the protective effect of pirfenidone against tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e83593.
14. Mitani Y, Sato K, Muramoto Y, Karakawa T, Kitamado M, Iwanaga T, Nabeshima T, Maruyama K, Nakagawa K, Ishida K, Sasamoto K. Superoxide scavenging activity of pirfenidone-iron complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;372:19–23.
15. Costabel U, Bendstrup E, Cottin V, Dewint P, Egan JJ, Ferguson J, Groves R, Hellstrom PM, Kreuter M, Maher TM, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: expert panel discussion on the management of drug- related adverse events. Adv Ther. 2014;31:375–91.
16. Araya J, Hara H, Kuwano K. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. Intern Med. 2013;52:2295–303.
17. Kroemer G, Marino G, Levine B. Autophagy and the integrated stress response. Mol Cell. 2010;40:280–93.
18. Patel AS, Lin L, Geyer A, Haspel JA, An CH, Cao J, Rosas IO, Morse D. Autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e41394.
19. Araya J, Kojima J, Takasaka N, Ito S, Fujii S, Hara H, Yanagisawa H, Kobayashi K, Tsurushige C, Kawaishi M, et al. Insufficient autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013;304:L56–69.
20. Kobayashi K, Araya J, Minagawa S, Hara H, Saito N, Kadota T, Sato N, Yoshida M, Tsubouchi K, Kurita Y, et al. Involvement of PARK2-Mediated Mitophagy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pathogenesis. J Immunol. 2016;197:504–16.
21. Rangarajan S, Kurundkar A, Kurundkar D, Bernard K, Sanders YY, Ding Q, Antony VB, Zhang J, Zmijewski J, Thannickal VJ. Novel Mechanisms for the Antifibrotic Action of Nintedanib. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;54:51–9.
22. Sato N, Takasaka N, Yoshida M, Tsubouchi K, Minagawa S, Araya J, Saito N, Fujita Y, Kurita Y, Kobayashi K, et al. Metformin attenuates lung fibrosis development via NOX4 suppression. Respir Res. 2016;17:107.
23. Ito S, Araya J, Kurita Y, Kobayashi K, Takasaka N, Yoshida M, Hara H, Minagawa S, Wakui H, Fujii S, et al. PARK2-mediated mitophagy is involved in regulation of HBEC senescence in COPD pathogenesis. Autophagy. 2015; 11:547–59.
24. Hisatomi K, Mukae H, Sakamoto N, Ishimatsu Y, Kakugawa T, Hara S, Fujita H, Nakamichi S, Oku H, Urata Y, et al. Pirfenidone inhibits TGF-beta1-induced over-expression of collagen type I and heat shock protein 47 in A549 cells. BMC Pulm Med. 2012;12:24.
25. Shin JM, Park JH, Park IH, Lee HM. Pirfenidone inhibits transforming growth factor beta1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2015;29:408–13.
26. Lin CY, Tsai CW. Carnosic Acid Attenuates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells by Inducing Autophagy Through an Enhanced Interaction of Parkin and Beclin1. Mol Neurobiol. 2016.
27. Bueno M, Lai YC, Romero Y, Brands J, St Croix CM, Kamga C, Corey C, Herazo-Maya JD, Sembrat J, Lee JS, et al. PINK1 deficiency impairs mitochondrial homeostasis and promotes lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2015; 125:521–38.
28. Fridovich I. Hypoxia and oxygen toxicity. Adv Neurol. 1979;26:255–9.
29. Kim KH, Maldonado F, Ryu JH, Eiken PW, Hartman TE, Bartholmai BJ, Decker PA, Yi ES. Iron deposition and increased alveolar septal capillary density in nonfibrotic lung tissue are associated with pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res. 2010;11:37.
30. Sangiuolo F, Puxeddu E, Pezzuto G, Cavalli F, Longo G, Comandini A, Di Pierro D, Pallante M, Sergiacomi G, Simonetti G, et al. HFE gene variants and iron-induced oxygen radical generation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:483–90.