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A search for the lenses in the Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS) sample

Bakx, Tom J L C Eales, Stephen Amvrosiadis, Aristeidis 名古屋大学

2020.04

概要

Verifying that sub-mm galaxies are gravitationally lensed requires time-expensive observations with oversubscribed high-resolution observatories. Here, we aim to strengthen the evidence of gravitational lensing within the Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS) by cross-comparing their positions to optical (SDSS) and near-infrared (VIKING) surveys, in order to search for the foreground lensing galaxy candidates. Resolved observations of the brightest HerBS sources have already shown that most are lensed, and a galaxy evolution model predicts that ∼76 per cent of the total HerBS sources are lensed, although with the SDSS survey we are only able to identify the likely foreground lenses for 25 per cent of the sources. With the near-infrared VIKING survey, however, we are able to identify the likely foreground lenses for 57 per cent of the sources, and we estimate that 82 per cent of the HerBS sources have lenses on the VIKING images even if we cannot identify the lens in every case. We find that the angular offsets between lens and Herschel source are larger than that expected if the lensing is done by individual galaxies. We also find that the fraction of HerBS sources that are lensed falls with decreasing 500-micron flux density, which is expected from the galaxy evolution model. Finally, we apply our statistical VIKING cross-identification to the entire Herschel-ATLAS catalogue, where we also find that the number of lensed sources falls with decreasing 500-micron flux density.

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参考文献

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Supplementary data are available at MNRAS online.

Please note: Oxford University Press is not responsible for the

content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by

the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be

directed to the corresponding author for the article.

A P P E N D I X A : TA B L E O F V I K I N G

C O U N T E R PA RT S

This table contains the results of our VIKING cross-analysis. The

HerBS number and sub-mm redshift are from Bakx et al. (2018). R is

the reliability, Kmag is the SEXTRACTOR-derived AUTO-magnitude

and error. θ is the angular separation between the Herschel and

VIKING position, and the VIKING positions are of the most likely

counterpart. zVIK is either from Wright et al. (2019), or found by

using the EAZY package (indicated with †).

MNRAS 493, 4276–4293 (2020)

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/493/3/4276/5741729 by Nagoya University user on 31 July 2020

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4291

4292

T. J. L. C. Bakx, S. Eales and A. Amvrosiadis

Table A1. bibkey1.

HerBS-

Kmag

θ [as]

RAVIK

2.41

0.71

18.70 ± 0.04

0.35

176.65815

− 0.19216

0.658 0.727

0.413

2.11

0.65

19.70 ± 0.07

2.82

132.38992

2.24578

0.649 1.201

0.390

10

2.09

0.99

21.80 ± 0.12

0.82

173.85945

− 1.76835

0.765 0.761

0.370

13

3.68

0.98

19.30 ± 0.03

0.73

216.05822

2.38446

0.670 0.710

0.570 †

15

2.16

0.94

20.30 ± 0.09

1.45

213.46698

− 0.00749

0.810 0.870

0.730 †

16

3.56

1.00

15.50 ± 0.01

0.87

212.51941

2.05196

0.477 0.483

0.266

17

2.76

0.84

19.90 ± 0.07

3.66

351.38147

− 30.37711

0.650 1.214

0.371

18

2.22

0.99

19.60 ± 0.04

0.05

351.08255

− 32.65736

0.647 0.742

0.428

19

3.39

0.89

16.90 ± 0.01

1.91

135.79821

0.65180

0.654 0.751

0.420

26

2.34

0.84

18.50 ± 0.03

2.44

344.68667

− 29.85625

0.472 0.723

0.353

28

4.24

0.87

19.50 ± 0.04

1.95

347.06546

− 34.63352

0.840 0.880

0.770 †

32

2.35

0.91

19.90 ± 0.06

2.59

139.66990

2.51281

0.470 0.731

0.379

33

2.76

0.92

17.20 ± 0.01

1.57

342.02271

− 33.97207

0.655 0.750

0.420

37

2.31

0.98

20.00 ± 0.06

0.85

351.59608

− 34.44533

0.475 0.722

0.393

38

2.98

0.85

20.20 ± 0.06

1.45

221.53706

2.32474

39

2.66

0.90

20.30 ± 0.06

3.13

352.25344

− 32.29590

0.654 0.730

0.425

46

1.97

0.83

21.70 ± 0.10

1.99

221.48364

− 0.81426

0.765 0.749

0.378

47

2.33

0.98

19.90 ± 0.07

2.16

343.21137

− 31.61665

0.656 0.703

0.258

48

1.99

0.99

20.00 ± 0.06

1.30

183.25637

− 0.82314

0.320 0.570

0.290 †

49

3.37

0.93

18.70 ± 0.02

1.83

346.44223

− 33.17759

0.620 0.660

0.590 †

50

2.66

0.99

20.60 ± 0.07

0.82

180.82973

− 1.21517

0.765 0.751

0.368

51

1.87

0.39

19.30 ± 0.04

4.63

181.78763

− 1.78506

1.080 1.150

1.010 †

53

1.71

0.99

18.10 ± 0.02

0.52

177.80115

− 1.44379

0.550 0.570

0.510 †

59

2.48

0.94

17.40 ± 0.01

2.16

138.27117

− 0.89519

0.654 0.755

0.424

61

3.16

0.98

19.90 ± 0.05

1.40

180.36500

− 1.67919

0.662 0.706

0.442

62

2.21

0.99

20.80 ± 0.09

0.90

183.92843

− 0.87221

0.980 1.070

0.890 †

66

67

68

2.05

3.16

2.21

0.85

17.70 ± 0.01

8.95

179.58198

− 1.63277

0.005 0.009

0.002

0.98

18.40 ± 0.02

0.83

339.47444

− 30.97466

0.654 0.757

0.399

71

2.30

0.85

20.80 ± 0.10

6.38

173.18104

− 0.85340

0.661 0.732

0.415

72

2.86

0.97

19.10 ± 0.03

0.85

221.30077

− 0.25289

0.473 0.704

0.258

74

78

80

2.07

2.72

2.02

0.91

19.00 ± 0.10

6.82

181.50473

0.58381

0.652 0.755

0.426

0.44

21.40 ± 0.13

9.70

345.01197

− 31.83534

0.651 0.706

0.423

82

2.23

1.00

18.80 ± 0.03

0.24

182.93699

1.11056

0.652 0.710

0.370

83

3.93

0.57

20.20 ± 0.05

5.83

184.55209

1.31266

1.050 1.170

1.000 †

84

2.39

0.63

20.00 ± 0.06

5.73

341.00463

− 34.00744

0.653 1.199

0.426

85

2.15

0.86

19.80 ± 0.04

9.73

176.96765

− 0.97381

0.620 0.700

0.560 †

91

1.79

0.72

19.50 ± 0.06

2.80

140.39949

0.02539

0.653 0.720

0.249

96

2.09

0.93

19.00 ± 0.04

1.06

174.51500

− 1.29342

0.653 1.214

0.395

97

2.28

0.58

19.40 ± 0.03

6.22

340.11721

− 34.52525

0.640 0.670

0.590 †

99

2.26

0.69

19.80 ± 0.05

6.76

139.53995

0.32293

0.651 0.755

0.426

100

1.94

0.61

20.10 ± 0.08

1.63

174.63876

0.81973

0.695 0.739

0.405

103

2.15

0.73

21.00 ± 0.09

9.39

343.35065

− 32.58191

0.666 0.734

0.394

105

2.48

0.60

19.10 ± 0.03

3.80

129.88328

− 1.30002

0.360 0.430

0.320 †

108

2.76

0.99

19.70 ± 0.05

0.28

129.57267

− 0.69282

1.120 1.170

1.050 †

110

2.84

0.52

18.10 ± 0.01

2.74

214.63674

1.03666

0.740 0.770

0.70 †

111

2.10

0.99

20.10 ± 0.06

0.82

339.92667

− 33.55107

1.300 1.600

1.210 †

116

3.20

0.83

20.70 ± 0.09

6.69

183.45014

1.13866

0.650 1.204

0.244

119

121

124

126

2.38

3.11

1.72

2.44

0.42

19.90 ± 0.06

9.37

174.63934

− 1.78098

0.653 5.351

0.442

0.60

20.00 ± 0.10

7.30

185.49287

0.55890

MNRAS 493, 4276–4293 (2020)

Dec.VIK

zVIK

1.000 1.080

0.910 †

0.440 0.490

0.370 †

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/493/3/4276/5741729 by Nagoya University user on 31 July 2020

zsub-mm

Finding the NIR and optical lenses in HerBS

4293

Table A1 – continued

HerBS-

zsub-mm

Kmag

θ [as]

RAVIK

Dec.VIK

zVIK

130

1.77

0.87

19.30 ± 0.07

7.06

216.77797

0.38112

131

2.50

0.82

20.00 ± 0.06

5.82

343.41449

− 32.93117

0.478 1.059

0.379

132

2.46

0.83

20.10 ± 0.06

2.12

348.02216

− 29.84062

0.652 0.73

0.417

135

3.13

0.77

18.70 ± 0.04

7.56

344.05019

− 32.94930

0.640 0.660

0.600 †

136

2.82

0.99

20.80 ± 0.07

0.61

133.28558

− 0.95793

0.473 0.732

0.347

137

2.59

0.72

20.50 ± 0.06

6.17

223.40691

0.06889

1.046 1.242

0.393

140

2.14

0.89

19.50 ± 0.04

3.34

215.41861

0.07911

0.675 0.732

0.411

141

142

143

1.88

2.70

2.14

0.99

16.70 ± 0.01

1.76

341.99904

− 31.02638

0.653 1.041

0.426

0.92

21.20 ± 0.12

1.98

214.54221

− 0.62928

1.736 1.886

0.516

146

2.01

1.00

18.50 ± 0.03

1.00

350.54548

− 33.63017

0.760 0.790

0.720 †

147

2.22

0.40

20.30 ± 0.09

6.92

218.51328

0.04184

0.570 0.60

0.530 †

148

2.01

0.93

21.50 ± 0.11

2.50

340.11011

− 31.86570

1.280 1.360

0.710 †

150

3.36

0.69

21.10 ± 0.09

9.22

186.24910

− 0.94609

0.667 0.73

0.411

153

2.02

0.84

19.00 ± 0.03

1.61

220.68120

1.91828

0.650 0.670

0.600 †

157

161

162

2.66

2.22

2.63

0.43

20.90 ± 0.10

6.95

132.48967

1.12223

1.030 1.070

0.990 †

0.74

21.00 ± 0.11

3.64

220.89357

− 0.50866

0.930 1.070

0.750 †

164

165

168

169

171

172

175

177

2.26

2.39

3.87

2.40

2.33

2.16

2.80

3.93

0.98

20.80 ± 0.10

1.67

183.56782

− 1.61769

0.646 1.044

0.265

1.00

18.20 ± 0.02

0.54

342.68950

− 30.78877

0.470 0.490

0.430 †

0.58

20.60 ± 0.11

1.85

129.93774

2.17226

0.768 0.750

0.403

0.99

20.20 ± 0.10

0.52

178.64031

0.84501

0.690 0.730

0.630 †

179

3.08

0.95

21.20 ± 0.13

0.51

178.83745

− 2.22485

0.653 0.732

0.434

182

2.92

0.75

21.30 ± 0.11

4.18

346.41164

− 31.36818

0.778 1.039

0.394

183

2.61

0.68

18.80 ± 0.03

1.62

136.22176

2.33790

0.656 0.715

0.410

185

187

188

3.05

1.86

2.03

0.92

0.82

0.65

18.10 ± 0.01

2.12

141.03735

− 0.83826

0.651 1.191

0.414

20.80 ± 0.10

6.70

130.74862

2.83452

0.650 1.207

0.429

189

2.18

0.95

19.00 ± 0.04

1.65

344.00331

− 31.54221

0.672 0.724

0.406

190

2.54

0.51

19.90 ± 0.06

9.54

136.02100

− 0.55869

0.664 0.735

0.414

193

2.54

0.85

19.00 ± 0.04

9.15

133.46455

− 0.13364

0.840 0.880

0.800 †

194

2.26

0.93

17.40 ± 0.01

6.89

133.83948

− 0.59959

0.651 1.210

0.425

195

197

201

2.35

2.04

2.92

0.64

17.60 ± 0.01

9.11

224.47376

0.00396

0.655 1.199

0.428

0.64

20.20 ± 0.08

8.70

212.82686

− 1.11476

0.474 0.737

0.414

202

1.87

0.60

20.50 ± 0.12

8.91

218.37044

2.13505

0.652 0.712

0.424

203

1.71

0.99

16.50 ± 0.01

2.01

214.61496

− 0.28455

0.654 0.756

0.424

205

206

208

209

2.59

1.98

3.59

2.89

0.86

19.30 ± 0.03

4.69

222.88625

2.68495

0.651 0.703

0.413

0.83

21.50 ± 0.15

9.87

342.33542

− 33.49470

1.090 1.160

1.020 †

This paper has been typeset from a TEX/LATEX file prepared by the author.

MNRAS 493, 4276–4293 (2020)

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/493/3/4276/5741729 by Nagoya University user on 31 July 2020

0.508 0.741

0.427 †

...

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