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コウチュウ目コガネムシ上科における後翅折り畳み様式および胸部の比較形態学的研究

金子 直樹 東京農業大学

2021.09.24

概要

コガネムシ上科は極めて多様な形態と生態を持ち,農林業害虫を多く含むコウチュウ目の大きな一群であり,古くから多くの研究者の注目を集めてきた。本研究では,コガネムシ上科に含まれる 11 科 132 属を対象に,3 つの新奇的形態形質(後翅折り畳み様式,中胸背板,後胸背板)の比較形態学的研究を行い,その基本構造を解明するとともに,各分類群を特徴づける形質状態を明らかにした。また,得られた各々の分類群の形質情報(共有原始形質,共有派生形質)を,分子データを基に構築された既存の分子系統仮説と比較・検討することで,その系統仮説の信憑性の検証ならびに新たな系統類縁関係の探索を行った。

後翅の折り畳み様式:昆虫の翅を題材とする研究は古くから多くの研究者によって行われているが,その折り畳み様式に関する研究は非常に少なく,コガネムシ上科を対象としたものはわずかであった。比較観察の結果,本形質は種間や種内における体サイズの変化や生息環境の違いによって生じる翅形の変化による影響をほとんど受けることがなく,科や亜科のレベルで一定の特徴を示すことが明らかとなった。また同時に,近縁と考えられる分類群間で共通の特徴を示すことから系統的に強固な形質であることが初めて明らかとなった。

中胸背板:甲虫における中胸背板は体の中心に位置しており,硬化した前翅(鞘翅)の固定が主な役割であることから,飛翔行動や生息環境などの影響による形質の変異が起こりづらく,系統的な制約を強く受ける形質であると考えられた。本形質はコガネムシ上科における祖先的なグループとして扱われる分類群では,多くの共有原始形質が確認された。その一方で,中間的および派生的な分類群においては多くの共有派生形質が確認された。特に顕著な特徴はscutellar process と axillary cord に観察され,派生的な分類群とされるコガネムシ科の食葉群においては,飛翔時の鞘翅の角度の調整に用いられる axillary cord が大きく発達しており,これは本グループを特徴づける極めて特異な形質状態であることが明らかとなった。

後胸背板:昆虫の飛翔に関する筋肉の最大の付着点であることから,分類群間で非常に大きな変異が生じると考えられた。しかしながら,本形質は今回観察された形質の中で,最も変異の少ない安定した形質状態を示すことが明らかとなった。観察された形質状態の多くは共有原始・共有派生形質であり,コガネムシ科の食糞群や食葉群といった派生的な分類群(Scarabaeinae や Cetoniinae)を除いて,特定の科や亜科を特徴づける形質としてはあまり機能しなかった。しかし観察された形質の内,acrotergite,alacrista,anterior lobe of metanotum,posterolateral scutal area などは科間や亜科間の類縁性や進化傾向を考察する上で有用な特徴であることが明らかとなった。

以上の結果から,今回観察された 3 つの形質は,コガネムシ上科に含まれる各科および亜科を特徴づけるのに有用であると共に,進化傾向を考察する上でも重要な形質になることが明らかとなった。また,今回得られた形質情報の多くは既存の分子系統仮説を強く支持していることに加え,コガネムシ科などの一部の分類群においては,食葉群と食糞群が系統的に離れた,独立のクレードを形成するなど,これまでに形態形質の面からは支持されてこなかった仮説を補完することが可能となった他,新たな類縁関係の可能性が示唆された。

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