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放牧地の環境条件に合わせた和牛放牧管理に関する研究

兒嶋, 朋貴 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.r13506

2022.09.26

概要

わが国では、飼料自給率の向上や資源循環型畜産の推進といった社会的背景から和牛放牧が推奨されている。放牧は、舎飼い飼育と比べて低コスト化や省力化といった経営的なメリットがある一方、ウシの自主性に任せた飼養管理方法であるため、舎飼い飼育とは異なるリスクが存在する。また、和牛放牧で用いられる放牧地は、水田や耕作放棄地あるいは山林地と多岐にわたり、地形条件といった環境条件が異なるため、それぞれの環境条件によって放牧に伴うリスクの顕在化要因が異なってくる。したがって、和牛放牧を行う際には、放牧地の環境条件に合わせた放牧管理が必須となる。そこで本研究では、放牧地によって異なる環境条件に合わせた和牛放牧管理のために、放牧に伴うリスクの低減に寄与する知見および技術を提示することを目的とした。本論文は6章から構成されており、各章の概要は以下の通りである。

第1章では、本研究の背景と目的について述べている。

第2章では、栄養不良、有害草の採食による中毒症および脱柵の発生リスクに関係する放牧牛のエネルギー消費量(EE)に着目し、EE比(水平佇立時のEEを1としたときの歩行時のEEの比)推定式の作成およびそれを用いた放牧牛のEEを推定した。EE比推定式の作成では、これまでに報告された複数の文献値を用いて、下り歩行も考慮したEE比推定式が得られた。本推定式を用いて、実際の放牧牛のEEを推定した結果、放牧牛のEEは1日当たり約900~950kJ/kg0.75と推定され、本試験地のように地形条件が厳しい放牧地では、舎飼い飼育時の2倍程度のエネルギーを消費していることが示唆された。

第3章では、環境問題の発生リスクに関係する放牧牛の放牧地内での空間的利用パターンに着目し、放牧牛の行動圏の解析を通じた空間的利用パターンとそのEEとの関係を調査した。その結果、放牧牛は昼間に平地あるいは緩傾斜地に広く分布し、夜間は夜間は山地の急傾斜地に留まるという空間的利用パターンを示すことが示唆された。また、空間的利用パターンの季節変化については、初夏において放牧牛は、放牧地内の平地あるいは緩傾斜地を主に利用し、そこから急傾斜となる山地の方へ利用領域を広げるという空間的利用パターンを示し、季節を経て、初秋および晩秋になると、主に急傾斜地を利用し、そこから緩傾斜地や平地へ下って利用領域を広げるという初夏とは逆の空間的利用パターンを示したと推察された。

第4章では、吸血昆虫が媒介する放牧牛の疾病感染の発生リスクを低減するために新たな吸血昆虫対策の開発に取り組んだ。シマウマの縞模様は吸血昆虫を忌避する機能があるという仮説を黒毛和種繁殖雌牛に応用し、白塗料を用いてシマウマ様の縞模様を施し、牛体に付着した吸血昆虫数と吸血昆虫忌避行動回数を調査した。その結果、縞模様を施していない通常の黒毛和種繁殖雌牛に比べ、牛体に付着する吸血昆虫数が半減し、それに伴って吸血昆虫忌避行動回数が減少した。これにより、家畜の体表をシマウマ様の縞模様にすることは、新たな対策方法となる可能性が示されたとともに、本法は殺虫剤を使用しないことから、アニマルウェルフェア、人間の健康、さらには環境問題のひとつである殺虫剤抵抗性問題の改善に貢献する可能性が示された。

家畜の栄養状態を表すボディーコンディションスコア(BCS)は家畜のエネルギー出納を反映しており、また、急激なBCSの変化は疾病の発症や飼養管理の不備のサインとなるため、放牧牛のBCS評価は、適切な和牛放牧管理に必要である。しかしながら、和牛のBCSを評価するには一定期間の訓練と経験が必要である。そのため、第5章では、放牧管理者が一定期間の訓練や経験を必要とせずとも客観的にBCSの推定を可能とする2手法の開発を行った。第1の手法として、3Dカメラによって取得した黒毛和種繫殖雌牛の尻部の3D画像を解析し、抽出した3D特徴量と機械学習によりBCS推定モデルを作成した。本モデルの性能評価指標値は高い値であったことから、3D画像解析と機械学習から黒毛和種繫殖雌牛のBCS推定は可能であることが示された。第2の手法として、通常の胸囲値と力を入れて締めて測定した胸囲(締胸囲)値の差を用いて簡易にBCSの推定を可能とする手法を開発した。本法は、通常の胸囲と締胸囲を測定するのみであり、特別な訓練や技術を必要としないため、放牧管理者が放牧牛のBCSを簡易に推定することが可能となった。

第6章では、本研究で得られた成果を総括した。また、近年発展が目覚ましいスマート畜産による放牧牛管理システムに本研究で得られた成果を組み込み、放牧地の環境条件に合わせた精微な和牛放牧管理を提案した。

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