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Acknowledgements

We thank staff of the Kobe City government for compiling the data analyzed in our study.

Author contributions

T.Y. assembled and analyzed the data as well as wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. M.K. contributed to data

collection. K.S. contributed to data interpretation. W.O. interpreted data and critically revised the manuscript.

Y.T. designed the original concept of the study and edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version

of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors did not receive specific funding for this study.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://​doi.​org/​

10.​1038/​s41598-​023-​29276-7.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.T.

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