1. Stockwell, S. et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 7, e000960 (2021).
2. Nishijima, C., Miyagawa, N., Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., Chiba, Y. & Miyachim, M. Association between lifestyle changes and at- home hours during and after the state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Nutrients 13, 2698 (2021).
3. Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Henriksen, T., Saugstad, O. D. & Tonstad, S. Physical activity and the risk of preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. BJOG 124, 1816–1826 (2017).
4. Cai, C. et al. The impact of occupational activities during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 222, 224–238 (2020).
5. Lee, L. J. et al. Role of maternal occupational physical activity and psychosocial stressors on adverse birth outcomes. Occup. Environ. Med. 74, 192–199 (2017).
6. Mozurkewich, E. L., Luke, B., Avni, M. & Wolf, F. M. Working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcome: A meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 95, 623–635 (2000).
7. Goodfellow, L., Care, A. & Alfirevic, Z. Controversies in the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women: An evidence summary and expert opinion. BJOG 128, 177–194 (2021).
8. Sosa, C. G., Althabe, F., Belizan, J. M. & Bergel, E. Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD003581 (2015).
9. Management of Preterm Labor. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstet- rics. Practice Bulletin No. 171. Obstet. Gynecol. 128, e155–e164 (2016).
10. Goldenberg, R. L. The management of preterm labor. Obstet. Gynecol. 100, 1020–1037 (2002).
11. Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D. & Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371, 75–84 (2008).
12. Mercer, B. M. et al. The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development maternal-fetal Medicine Units Network. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 181, 1216–1221 (1999).
13. Kazemier, B. M. et al. Impact of obstetric history on the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in singleton and multiple pregnancies: a systematic review. BJOG 121, 1197–1208; discussion 1209 (2014).
14. Goldenberg, R. L., Hauth, J. C. & Andrews, W. W. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1500–1507 (2000).
15. Nakamura, M. et al. Comparison of perinatal outcomes between long-term and short-term use of tocolytic agent: A historical cohort study in a single perinatal hospital. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 42, 1680–1685 (2016).
16. Chmielewska, B. et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 9, e759–e772 (2021).
17. Okawa, S., Hosokawa, Y., Nanishi, K., Zaitsu, M. & Tabuchi, T. Threatened abortion, threatened premature labor, and preterm birth during the first state of emergency for COVID-19 in 2020 in Japan. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 48, 1116–1125 (2022).
18. Fazzi, C., Saunders, D. H., Linton, K., Norman, J. E. & Reynolds, R. M. Sedentary behaviours during pregnancy: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 14, 32 (2017).
19. Magro-Malosso, E. R., Saccone, G., Di Tommaso, M., Roman, A. & Berghella, V. Exercise during pregnancy and risk of gestational hypertensive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 96, 921–931 (2017).
20. Aune, D., Saugstad, O. D., Henriksen, T. & Tonstad, S. Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 25, 331–343 (2014).
21. Fan, S. et al. Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian J. Psychiatr. 56, 102533 (2021).