The role of food behaviors in frailty and sarcopenia prevention in community-dwelling older adults

1. Department of Economic and Social Affairs PD. World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights. New York: United Nations; 2019.

2. Arai H, Ouchi Y, Toba K, Endo T, Shimokado K, Tsubota K, Matsuo S, Mori H, Yumura W, Yokode M, Rakugi H, Ohshima S. Japan as the front-runner of super-aged societies: Perspectives from medicine and medical care in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(6):673-87.

3. Muramatsu N, Akiyama H. Japan: super-aging society preparing for the future. Gerontologist. 2011;51(4):425-32.

4. Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1):1-15.

5. Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, Cesari M, Chumlea WC, Doehner W, Evans J, Fried LP, Guralnik JM, Katz PR, Malmstrom TK, McCarter RJ, Gutierrez Robledo LM, Rockwood K, von Haehling S, Vandewoude MF, Walston J. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392-7.

6. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research G. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56.

7. Avila-Funes JA, Amieva H, Barberger-Gateau P, Le Goff M, Raoux N, Ritchie K, Carriere I, Tavernier B, Tzourio C, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Dartigues JF. Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the phenotype of frailty for adverse health outcomes: the three-city study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(3):453-61.

8. Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Sci World J. 2001;1:323-36.

9. Li G, Thabane L, Ioannidis G, Kennedy C, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD. Comparison between frailty index of deficit accumulation and phenotypic model to predict risk of falls: data from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women (GLOW) Hamilton cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120144.

10. Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global Prevalence of Physical Frailty by Fried's Criteria in Community-Dwelling Elderly With National Population-Based Surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):548-50.

11. Kojima G, Iliffe S, Taniguchi Y, Shimada H, Rakugi H, Walters K. Prevalence of frailty in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(8):347-53.

12. Vermeiren S, Vella-Azzopardi R, Beckwee D, Habbig AK, Scafoglieri A, Jansen B, Bautmans I, Gerontopole Brussels Study g. Frailty and the Prediction of Negative Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(12):1163 e1- e17.

13. Yamada M, Arai H. Predictive Value of Frailty Scores for Healthy Life Expectancy in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(11):1002 e7-11.

14. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-62.

15. Kennedy BK, Berger SL, Brunet A, Campisi J, Cuervo AM, Epel ES, Franceschi C, Lithgow GJ, Morimoto RI, Pessin JE, Rando TA, Richardson A, Schadt EE, Wyss-Coray T, Sierra F. Geroscience: linking aging to chronic disease. Cell. 2014;159(4):709-13.

16. Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153(6):1194-217.

17. Bisset ES, Howlett SE. The biology of frailty in humans and animals: Understanding frailty and promoting translation. Aging Medicine. 2019;2(1):27-34.

18. Li H, Manwani B, Leng SX. Frailty, inflammation, and immunity. Aging Dis. 2011;2(6):466-73.

19. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:433-41.

20. Arai Y, Takayama M, Gondo Y, Inagaki H, Yamamura K, Nakazawa S, Kojima T, Ebihara Y, Shimizu K, Masui Y, Kitagawa K, Takebayashi T, Hirose N. Adipose endocrine function, insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, and exceptional survival beyond 100 years of age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(11):1209-18.

21. Reiner AP, Aragaki AK, Gray SL, Wactawski-Wende J, Cauley JA, Cochrane BB, Kooperberg CL, Woods NF, LaCroix AZ. Inflammation and thrombosis biomarkers and incident frailty in postmenopausal women. Am J Med. 2009;122(10):947-54.

22. Xue QL, Fried LP, Glass TA, Laffan A, Chaves PH. Life-space constriction, development of frailty, and the competing risk of mortality: the Women's Health And Aging Study I. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(2):240-8.

23. Xue QL, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R, Zhou J, Fried LP. Initial manifestations of frailty criteria and the development of frailty phenotype in the Women's Health and Aging Study II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(9):984-90.

24. Theou O, Brothers TD, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Operationalization of frailty using eight commonly used scales and comparison of their ability to predict all-cause mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(9):1537-51.

25. Hubbard RE, O'Mahony MS, Woodhouse KW. Characterising frailty in the clinical setting--a comparison of different approaches. Age Ageing. 2009;38(1):115-9.

26. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K. Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(11):1929-33.

27. Fukutomi E, Okumiya K, Wada T, Sakamoto R, Ishimoto Y, Kimura Y, Chen WL, Imai H, Kasahara Y, Fujisawa M, Otsuka K, Matsubayashi K. Relationships between each category of 25-item frailty risk assessment (Kihon Checklist) and newly certified older adults under Long-Term Care Insurance: A 24-month follow-up study in a rural community in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(7):864-71.

28. Sewo Sampaio PY, Sampaio RA, Yamada M, Arai H. Systematic review of the Kihon Checklist: Is it a reliable assessment of frailty? Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(8):893-902.

29. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Boudreau R, Manini TM, Nevitt M, Newman AB, Goodpaster BH, Health A, Body. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):1579-85.

30. Woo J, Leung J, Sham A, Kwok T. Defining sarcopenia in terms of risk of physical limitations: a 5-year follow-up study of 3,153 chinese men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(12):2224-31.

31. Tsekoura M, Kastrinis A, Katsoulaki M, Billis E, Gliatis J. Sarcopenia and Its Impact on Quality of Life. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;987:213-8.

32. Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R, Onder G. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(5):652-8.

33. Cesari M, Pahor M, Lauretani F, Zamboni V, Bandinelli S, Bernabei R, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Skeletal muscle and mortality results from the InCHIANTI Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(3):377-84.

34. Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24(6):623-7.

35. Robinson S, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A. Nutrition and sarcopenia: a review of the evidence and implications for preventive strategies. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:510801.

36. Marzetti E, Calvani R, Bernabei R, Leeuwenburgh C. Apoptosis in skeletal myocytes: a potential target for interventions against sarcopenia and physical frailty - a mini-review. Gerontology. 2012;58(2):99-106.

37. Bauer JM, Sieber CC. Sarcopenia and frailty: a clinician's controversial point of view. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(7):674-8.

38. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older P. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-23.

39. Bolanowski M, Nilsson BE. Assessment of human body composition using dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2001;7(5):1029-33.

40. Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan van Kan G, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, Cederholm T, Chandler J, De Meynard C, Donini L, Harris T, Kannt A, Keime Guibert F, Onder G, Papanicolaou D, Rolland Y, Rooks D, Sieber C, Souhami E, Verlaan S, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249-56.

41. Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, Aversa Z, Bauer JM, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosaeus I, Cederholm T, Costelli P, Fearon KC, Laviano A, Maggio M, Rossi Fanelli F, Schneider SM, Schols A, Sieber CC. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clin Nutr. 2010;29(2):154-9.

42. Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, Chou MY, Chen LY, Hsu PS, Krairit O, Lee JS, Lee WJ, Lee Y, Liang CK, Limpawattana P, Lin CS, Peng LN, Satake S, Suzuki T, Won CW, Wu CH, Wu SN, Zhang T, Zeng P, Akishita M, Arai H. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(2):95-101.

43. Cooper C, Dere W, Evans W, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Sayer AA, Sieber CC, Kaufman JM, Abellan van Kan G, Boonen S, Adachi J, Mitlak B, Tsouderos Y, Rolland Y, Reginster JY. Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(7):1839-48.

44. Sobal J, Bisogni CA. Constructing food choice decisions. Ann Behav Med. 2009;38 Suppl 1:S37-46.

45. Blumberg J. Nutritional needs of seniors. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(6):517-23.

46. Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Gil-Guerrero L, Iniesta R. The anorexia of ageing: physiopathology, prevalence, associated comorbidity and mortality. A systematic review. Maturitas. 2013;74(4):293-302.

47. Hsu-Hage BH, Wahlqvist ML. Food variety of adult Melbourne Chinese: a case study of a population in transition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1996;79:53-69.

48. Kerver JM, Yang EJ, Obayashi S, Bianchi L, Song WO. Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(1):46-53.

49. Imoscopi A, Inelmen EM, Sergi G, Miotto F, Manzato E. Taste loss in the elderly: epidemiology, causes and consequences. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(6):570-9.

50. Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2307-12.

51. Nordenram G, Ljunggren G, Cederholm T. Nutritional status and chewing capacity in nursing home residents. Aging (Milano). 2001;13(5):370-7.

52. Dion N, Cotart JL, Rabilloud M. Correction of nutrition test errors for more accurate quantification of the link between dental health and malnutrition. Nutrition. 2007;23(4):301- 7.

53. Cook JT, Frank DA. Food security, poverty, and human development in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:193-209.

54. Cabrera MA, Mesas AE, Garcia AR, de Andrade SM. Malnutrition and depression among community-dwelling elderly people. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(9):582-4.

55. Skarupski KA, Tangney C, Li H, Ouyang B, Evans DA, Morris MC. Longitudinal association of vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 with depressive symptoms among older adults over time. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):330-5.

56. Williams JA, Sink KM, Tooze JA, Atkinson HH, Cauley JA, Yaffe K, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky SB, Houston DK. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations predict incident depression in well-functioning older adults: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(6):757-63.

57. Bartali B, Frongillo EA, Bandinelli S, Lauretani F, Semba RD, Fried LP, Ferrucci L. Low nutrient intake is an essential component of frailty in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(6):589-93.

58. Kobayashi S, Asakura K, Suga H, Sasaki S, Three-generation Study of Women on D, Health Study G. High protein intake is associated with low prevalence of frailty among old Japanese women: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 2013;12:164.

59. Rahi B, Colombet Z, Gonzalez-Colaco Harmand M, Dartigues JF, Boirie Y, Letenneur L, Feart C. Higher Protein but Not Energy Intake Is Associated With a Lower Prevalence of Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the French Three-City Cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(7):672 e7- e11.

60. Bollwein J, Diekmann R, Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Uter W, Sieber CC, Volkert D. Distribution but not amount of protein intake is associated with frailty: a cross-sectional investigation in the region of Nurnberg. Nutr J. 2013;12:109.

61. Kobayashi S, Asakura K, Suga H, Sasaki S, Three-generation Study of Women on D, Health Study G. Inverse association between dietary habits with high total antioxidant capacity and prevalence of frailty among elderly Japanese women: a multicenter crosssectional study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(9):827-39.

62. Semba RD, Bartali B, Zhou J, Blaum C, Ko CW, Fried LP. Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(6):594-9.

63. Coyle CE, Dugan E. Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults. J Aging Health. 2012;24(8):1346-63.

64. Hays NP, Roberts SB. The anorexia of aging in humans. Physiol Behav. 2006;88(3):257-66.

65. Locher JL, Robinson CO, Roth DL, Ritchie CS, Burgio KL. The effect of the presence of others on caloric intake in homebound older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(11):1475-8.

66. Paquet C, St-Arnaud-McKenzie D, Ma Z, Kergoat MJ, Ferland G, Dube L. More than just not being alone: the number, nature, and complementarity of meal-time social interactions influence food intake in hospitalized elderly patients. Gerontologist. 2008;48(5):603-11.

67. Pliner P, Bell R, Hirsch ES, Kinchla M. Meal duration mediates the effect of "social facilitation" on eating in humans. Appetite. 2006;46(2):189-98.

68. Kimura Y, Wada T, Okumiya K, Ishimoto Y, Fukutomi E, Kasahara Y, Chen W, Sakamoto R, Fujisawa M, Otsuka K, Matsubayashi K. Eating alone among community- dwelling Japanese elderly: association with depression and food diversity. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(8):728-31.

69. Kuroda A, Tanaka T, Hirano H, Ohara Y, Kikutani T, Furuya H, Obuchi SP, Kawai H, Ishii S, Akishita M, Tsuji T, Iijima K. Eating Alone as Social Disengagement is Strongly Associated With Depressive Symptoms in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):578-85.

70. Tani Y, Sasaki Y, Haseda M, Kondo K, Kondo N. Eating alone and depression in older men and women by cohabitation status: The JAGES longitudinal survey. Age Ageing. 2015;44(6):1019-26.

71. Tani Y, Kondo N, Noma H, Miyaguni Y, Saito M, Kondo K. Eating Alone Yet Living With Others Is Associated With Mortality in Older Men: The JAGES Cohort Survey. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73(7):1330-4.

72. Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):3-9.

73. Bollwein J, Diekmann R, Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Uter W, Sieber CC, Volkert D. Dietary quality is related to frailty in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(4):483-9.

74. Chan R, Leung J, Woo J. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Frailty in Chinese CommunityDwelling Older People in Hong Kong: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2015;7(8):7070-84.

75. Rabassa M, Zamora-Ros R, Urpi-Sarda M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Andres-Lacueva C, Cherubini A. Association of habitual dietary resveratrol exposure with the development of frailty in older age: the Invecchiare in Chianti study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(6):1534-42.

76. Granic A, Sayer AA, Robinson SM. Dietary Patterns, Skeletal Muscle Health, and Sarcopenia in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(4).

77. Bloom I, Shand C, Cooper C, Robinson S, Baird J. Diet Quality and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2018;10(3).

78. Silva R, Pizato N, da Mata F, Figueiredo A, Ito M, Pereira MG. Mediterranean Diet and Musculoskeletal-Functional Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(6):655-63.

79. Craig JV, Bunn DK, Hayhoe RP, Appleyard WO, Lenaghan EA, Welch AA. Relationship between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and musculoskeletal health in children, adolescents, and adults: systematic review and evidence map. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(10):830-57.

80. Hashemi R, Motlagh AD, Heshmat R, Esmaillzadeh A, Payab M, Yousefinia M, Siassi F, Pasalar P, Baygi F. Diet and its relationship to sarcopenia in community dwelling Iranian elderly: a cross sectional study. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):97-104.

81. Chan R, Leung J, Woo J. A Prospective Cohort Study to Examine the Association Between Dietary Patterns and Sarcopenia in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older People in Hong Kong. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(4):336-42.

82. Granic A, Mendonca N, Sayer AA, Hill TR, Davies K, Siervo M, Mathers JC, Jagger C. Effects of dietary patterns and low protein intake on sarcopenia risk in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study. Clin Nutr. 2019.

83. Feart C. Nutrition and frailty: Current knowledge. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;95:109703.

84. Thorning TK, Bertram HC, Bonjour JP, de Groot L, Dupont D, Feeney E, Ipsen R, Lecerf JM, Mackie A, McKinley MC, Michalski MC, Remond D, Riserus U, SoedamahMuthu SS, Tholstrup T, Weaver C, Astrup A, Givens I. Whole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: current evidence and knowledge gaps. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(5):1033-45.

85. Cespedes EM, Hu FB. Dietary patterns: from nutritional epidemiologic analysis to national guidelines. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):899-900.

86. Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, Hogan DB, Hummel S, Karunananthan S, Wolfson C. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm--issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):731-7.

87. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Studenski SA, Ershler WB, Harris T, Fried LP. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):991-1001.

88. Song X, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Prevalence and 10-year outcomes of frailty in older adults in relation to deficit accumulation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(4):681-7.

89. Lorenzo-Lopez L, Maseda A, de Labra C, Regueiro-Folgueira L, Rodriguez-Villamil JL, Millan-Calenti JC. Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):108.

90. Beasley JM, LaCroix AZ, Neuhouser ML, Huang Y, Tinker L, Woods N, Michael Y, Curb JD, Prentice RL. Protein intake and incident frailty in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(6):1063-71.

91. Brug J. Determinants of healthy eating: motivation, abilities and environmental opportunities. Fam Pract. 2008;25 Suppl 1:i50-5.

92. Hammons AJ, Fiese BH. Is frequency of shared family meals related to the nutritional health of children and adolescents? Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):e1565-74.

93. Bofill S. Aging and loneliness in Catalonia: The social dimension of food behavior. Ageing Int. Fall 2004;29(4):385-98.

94. Tani Y, Kondo N, Takagi D, Saito M, Hikichi H, Ojima T, Kondo K. Combined effects of eating alone and living alone on unhealthy dietary behaviors, obesity and underweight in older Japanese adults: Results of the JAGES. Appetite. 2015;95:1-8.

95. Satake S, Senda K, Hong YJ, Miura H, Endo H, Sakurai T, Kondo I, Toba K. Validity of the Kihon Checklist for assessing frailty status. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(6):709-15.

96. Lubben J, Blozik E, Gillmann G, Iliffe S, von Renteln Kruse W, Beck JC, Stuck AE. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46(4):503-13.

97. Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, Thomas DR, Anthony P, Charlton KE, Maggio M, Tsai AC, Grathwohl D, Vellas B, Sieber CC, Group MN-I. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(9):782-8.

98. Kumagai S, Watanabe S, Shibata H, Amano H, Fujiwara Y, Shinkai S, Yoshida H, Suzuki T, Yukawa H, Yasumura S, Haga H. [Effects of dietary variety on declines in highlevel functional capacity in elderly people living in a community]. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2003;50(12):1117-24.

99. Vesnaver E, Keller HH. Social influences and eating behavior in later life: a review. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;30(1):2-23.

100. Vaughan L, Corbin AL, Goveas JS. Depression and frailty in later life: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1947-58.

101. Lakey SL, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Borson S, Williams CD, Calhoun D, Goveas JS, Smoller JW, Ockene JK, Masaki KH, Coday M, Rosal MC, Woods NF. Antidepressant use, depressive symptoms, and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):854-61.

102. Berna Van Baarsen, Tom A. B. Snigders, JOHANNES H. Smit Vrije MAJVD. Lonely but Not Alone: Emotional Isolation and Social Isolation as Two distinct Dimensions of Loneliness in Older People. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61(1):119-35.

103. Mouodi S, Bijani A, Hosseini SR, Hajian-Tilaki K. Gender differences in the health status of elderly living alone compared to those who are not alone: Evidence of the AHAP study, North of Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2016;7(2):126-32.

104. Fürst ELo. Cooking and Femininity. Women's Studies International Forum. 1997;20(3):441-9.

105. Robinson E, Higgs S. Liking food less: the impact of social influence on food liking evaluations in female students. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48858.

106. Higgs S, Thomas J. Social influences on eating. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016;9:1-6.

107. Suzanne C. Thompson SS. Perceptions of control in vulnerable population. J Soc Issues. 1991;47(4):1-21.

108. Yamada M, Arai H. Social Frailty Predicts Incident Disability and Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(12):1099-103.

109. Park H, Jang IY, Lee HY, Jung HW, Lee E, Kim DH. Screening Value of Social Frailty and Its Association with Physical Frailty and Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Koreans: Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16).

110. Tsutsumimoto K, Doi T, Makizako H, Hotta R, Nakakubo S, Makino K, Suzuki T, Shimada H. Association of Social Frailty With Both Cognitive and Physical Deficits Among Older People. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(7):603-7.

111. Makizako H, Shimada H, Tsutsumimoto K, Lee S, Doi T, Nakakubo S, Hotta R, Suzuki T. Social Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults as a Risk Factor for Disability. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(11):1003 e7-11.

112. Shafiee G, Keshtkar A, Soltani A, Ahadi Z, Larijani B, Heshmat R. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:21.

113. Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Arnal JF, Bautmans I, Beaudart C, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Biver E, Boonen S, Brandi ML, Chines A, Cooper C, Epstein S, Fielding RA, Goodpaster B, Kanis JA, Kaufman JM, Laslop A, Malafarina V, Manas LR, Mitlak BH, Oreffo RO, Petermans J, Reid K, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Tsouderos Y, Visser M, Bruyere O. Quality of life in sarcopenia and frailty. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;93(2):101-20.

114. Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, Woo J, Baumgartner R, Pillard F, Boirie Y, Chumlea WM, Vellas B. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12(7):433-50.

115. Rantanen T. Muscle strength, disability and mortality. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;13(1):3-8.

116. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Schneider SM, Sieber CC, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M, Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older P, the Extended Group for E. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31.

117. Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Giles G, Jones G. Associations between dietary nutrient intake and muscle mass and strength in community-dwelling older adults: the Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(11):2129-34.

118. Tieland M, van de Rest O, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Mensink M, van Loon LJ, de Groot LC. Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):720- 6.

119. Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Health ABCS. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):150-5.

120. Ceglia L, Harris SS. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;92(2):151-62.

121. Kelaiditi E, Jennings A, Cassidy A, Macgregor A, Spector T, Welch A. Plant-based nutrient intake is positively associated with fat free mass index. P Nutr Soc. 2012;71(Oce2):E191-E.

122. Schulze MB, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fung TT, Lichtenstein AH, Forouhi NG. Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease prevention. BMJ. 2018;361:k2396.

123. Statistic Bureau MoIAaC. Statistic handbook of Japan 2018. Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; 2018.

124. Yuki A, Ando F, Otsuka R, Matsui Y, Harada A, Shimokata H. Epidemiology of sarcopenia in elderly Japanese. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2015;4(1):111-5.

125. Okada E, Nakamura K, Ukawa S, Wakai K, Date C, Iso H, Tamakoshi A. The Japanese food score and risk of all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(4):464-71.

126. Tomata Y, Sugiyama K, Kaiho Y, Honkura K, Watanabe T, Zhang S, Sugawara Y, Tsuji I. Dietary Patterns and Incident Dementia in Elderly Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(10):1322-8

127. Kobayashi S, Honda S, Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Hirota N, Notsu A, Fukui M, Date C. Both comprehensive and brief self-administered diet history questionnaires satisfactorily rank nutrient intakes in Japanese adults. J Epidemiol. 2012;22(2):151-9.

128. Kagaku Gijutsu Gakujutsu Shingikai (Japan). Shigen Chōsa Bunkakai. Nihon shokuhin hyōjun seibunhyō = Standard tables of food composition in Japan. 2015-nenban (7- tei). ed. Tōkyō-to Minato-ku: Zenkoku Kanpō Hanbai Kyōdō Kumiai; 2015. iii, 589 pages p.

129. J Kim CWM. Factor Analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 1978. Available from: https://methods.sagepub.com/book/factor-analysis.

130. Maruyama K, Iso H, Date C, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Wada Y, Inaba Y, Tamakoshi A, Group JS. Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular deaths among middle-aged Japanese: JACC Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(6):519-27.

131. Shimazu T, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Ohmori K, Sato Y, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(3):600-9.

132. Isanejad M, Sirola J, Mursu J, Rikkonen T, Kroger H, Tuppurainen M, Erkkila AT. Association of the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean diets with indices of sarcopenia in elderly women, OSPTRE-FPS study. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(4):1435-48.

133. Alexandrov NV, Eelderink C, Singh-Povel CM, Navis GJ, Bakker SJL, Corpeleijn E. Dietary Protein Sources and Muscle Mass over the Life Course: The Lifelines Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(10).

134. Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein - Which is Best? J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(3):118-30.

135. Reinders I, Murphy RA, Song X, Visser M, Cotch MF, Lang TF, Garcia ME, Launer LJ, Siggeirsdottir K, Eiriksdottir G, Jonsson PV, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Brouwer IA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to incident mobility disability and decline in gait speed; the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(4):489-93.

136. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Fish oilderived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(1):115-22.

137. Houston DK, Neiberg RH, Tooze JA, Hausman DB, Johnson MA, Cauley JA, Bauer DC, Shea MK, Schwartz GG, Williamson JD, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Health ABCS. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts the onset of mobility limitation and disability in community-dwelling older adults: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(2):181-7.

138. Sohl E, de Jongh RT, Heijboer AC, Swart KM, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Enneman AW, de Groot CP, van der Velde N, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Lips P, van Schoor NM. Vitamin D status is associated with physical performance: the results of three independent cohorts. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):187-96.

139. Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Smit J, Knol DL, Lips P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2058-65.

140. Hashimoto R, Sakai A, Murayama M, Ochi A, Abe T, Hirasaka K, Ohno A, TeshimaKondo S, Yanagawa H, Yasui N, Inatsugi M, Doi D, Takeda M, Mukai R, Terao J, Nikawa T. Effects of dietary soy protein on skeletal muscle volume and strength in humans with various physical activities. J Med Invest. 2015;62(3-4):177-83.

141. Khairallah RJ, O'Shea KM, Ward CW, Butteiger DN, Mukherjea R, Krul ES. Chronic dietary supplementation with soy protein improves muscle function in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189246.

142. Reidy PT, Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Fry CS, Borack MS, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein blend ingestion following resistance exercise promotes human muscle protein synthesis. J Nutr. 2013;143(4):410-6.

143. Kim J, Lee Y, Kye S, Chung YS, Kim KM. Association of vegetables and fruits consumption with sarcopenia in older adults: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age Ageing. 2015;44(1):96-102.

144. Martin H, Aihie Sayer A, Jameson K, Syddall H, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Robinson S. Does diet influence physical performance in community-dwelling older people? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(2):181-6.

145. Welch AA, MacGregor AJ, Skinner J, Spector TD, Moayyeri A, Cassidy A. A higher alkaline dietary load is associated with greater indexes of skeletal muscle mass in women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(6):1899-908.

146. Gabriel AS, Ninomiya K, Uneyama H. The Role of the Japanese Traditional Diet in Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns around the World. Nutrients. 2018;10(2).

147. Suzuki N, Goto Y, Ota H, Kito K, Mano F, Joo E, Ikeda K, Inagaki N, Nakayama T. Characteristics of the Japanese Diet Described in Epidemiologic Publications: A Qualitative Systematic Review. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2018;64(2):129-37.