1.
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT; Lancet Physical Activity Series
Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012 Jul 21; 380(9838):219–29. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 PMID: 22818936
2.
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases [Internet]. 2021. [Cited 2021 May 28] Available
from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases#tab=tab_1.
3.
World Health Organization. Physical activity [Internet]. [Cited 2021 May 28] Available from: https://www.
who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254706 July 15, 2021
11 / 13
PLOS ONE
Physical inactivity by socioeconomic status
4.
World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health, The Solid Facts, second edition. Geneva,
2003. [Cited 2021 May 28] Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/
98438/e81384.pdf.
5.
Crespo CJ, Ainsworth BE, Keteyian SJ, Heath GW, Smit E. Prevalence of physical inactivity and its relation to social class in U.S. adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Dec; 31(12):1821–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768199912000-00019 PMID: 10613434
6.
Norman A, Bellocco R, Vaida F, Wolk A. Total physical activity in relation to age, body mass, health and
other factors in a cohort of Swedish men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 May; 26(5):670–5.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801955 PMID: 12032752
7.
Carlson SA, Densmore D, Fulton JE, Yore MM, Kohl HW 3rd. Differences in physical activity prevalence
and trends from 3 U.S. surveillance systems: NHIS, NHANES, and BRFSS. J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6
Suppl 1:S18–27. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.s1.s18 PMID: 19998846
8.
Van Domelen DR, Koster A, Caserotti P, Brychta RJ, Chen KY, McClain JJ, et al. Employment and
physical activity in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2011 Aug; 41(2):136–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.
2011.03.019 PMID: 21767720
9.
Nishi N, Makino K, Fukuda H, Tatara K. Effects of socioeconomic indicators on coronary risk factors,
self-rated health and psychological well-being among urban Japanese civil servants. Soc Sci Med.
2004 Mar; 58(6):1159–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00287-9 PMID: 14723910
10.
Takao S, Kawakami N, Ohtsu T; Japan Work Stress and Health Cohort Study Group. Occupational
class and physical activity among Japanese employees. Soc Sci Med. 2003 Dec; 57(12):2281–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00134-5 PMID: 14572837
11.
Fukuda Y, Nakamura K, Takano T. Accumulation of health risk behaviours is associated with lower
socioeconomic status and women’s urban residence: a multilevel analysis in Japan. BMC Public Health.
2005 May 27; 5:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-53 PMID: 15921512
12.
Shibata A, Oka K, Nakamura Y, Muraoka I. Prevalence and demographic correlates of meeting the
physical activity recommendation among Japanese adults. J Phys Act Health. 2009 Jan; 6(1):24–32.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.1.24 PMID: 19211955
13.
Liao Y, Harada K, Shibata A, Ishii K, Oka K, Nakamura Y, et al. Association of self-reported physical
activity patterns and socio-demographic factors among normal-weight and overweight Japanese men.
BMC Public Health. 2012 May 21; 12:278. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-278 PMID: 22490124
14.
Sakaue A, Adachi H, Enomoto M, Fukami A, Kumagai E, Nakamura S, et al. Association between physical activity, occupational sitting time and mortality in a general population: An 18-year prospective survey in Tanushimaru, Japan. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 May; 27(7):758–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/
2047487318810020 PMID: 30396293
15.
Kikuchi H, Inoue S, Lee IM, Odagiri Y, Sawada N, Inoue M, et al. Impact of Moderate-Intensity and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity on Mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 Apr; 50(4):715–721. https://
doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001463 PMID: 29053480
16.
Matsushita M, Harada K, Arao T. Socioeconomic position and work, travel, and recreation-related physical activity in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015 Sep 18; 15:916.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2226-z PMID: 26385476
17.
Beenackers MA, Kamphuis CB, Giskes K, Brug J, Kunst AE, Burdorf A, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Sep 19; 9:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9116 PMID: 22992350
18.
Kagamimori S, Gaina A, Nasermoaddeli A. Socioeconomic status and health in the Japanese population. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Jun; 68(12):2152–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.030 Epub
2009 Apr 16. PMID: 19375838
19.
Kadota A, Okuda N, Ohkubo T, Okamura T, Nishi N, Ueshima H, et al. The National Integrated Project
for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Disease and its Trends in the Aged 2010 (NIPPON
DATA2010): Objectives, Design, and Population Characteristics. J Epidemiol. 2018; 28 Suppl 3(Suppl
3):S2–S9. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20170240 PMID: 29503381
20.
Kannel WB, Sorlie P. Some health benefits of physical activity. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern
Med. 1979 Aug; 139(8):857–61. PMID: 464698
21.
Jonker JT, De Laet C, Franco OH, Peeters A, Mackenbach J, Nusselder WJ. Physical activity and life
expectancy with and without diabetes: life table analysis of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes
Care. 2006 Jan; 29(1):38–43. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-0985 PMID: 16373893
22.
Ballard-Barbash R, Schatzkin A, Albanes D, Schiffman MH, Kreger BE, Kannel WB, et al. Physical
activity and risk of large bowel cancer in the Framingham Study. Cancer Res. 1990 Jun 15; 50
(12):3610–3. PMID: 2340509.
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254706 July 15, 2021
12 / 13
PLOS ONE
Physical inactivity by socioeconomic status
23.
Al-Tannir M, Kobrosly S, Itani T, El-Rajab M, Tannir S. Prevalence of physical activity among Lebanese
adults: a cross-sectional study. J Phys Act Health. 2009 May; 6(3):315–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/
jpah.6.3.315 PMID: 19564659
24.
Ying C, Kuay LK, Huey TC, Hock LK, Hamid HA, Omar MA, et al. Prevalence and factors associated
with physical inactivity among Malaysian adults. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2014 Mar;
45(2):467–80. PMID: 24968689
25.
Newtonraj A, Murugan N, Singh Z, Chauhan RC, Velavan A, Mani M. Factors Associated with Physical
Inactivity among Adult Urban Population of Puducherry, India: A Population Based Cross-sectional
Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 May; 11(5):LC15–LC17. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24028.
9853 Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28658812
26.
Touvier M, Bertrais S, Charreire H, Vergnaud AC, Hercberg S, Oppert JM. Changes in leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviour at retirement: a prospective study in middle-aged French subjects.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010 Feb 4; 7:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-14 PMID: 20181088
27.
Suorsa K, Pulakka A, Leskinen T, Heinonen I, Heinonen OJ, Pentti J, et al. Objectively Measured Sedentary Time Before and After Transition to Retirement: The Finnish Retirement and Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Sep 16; 75(9):1737–1743. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz127 PMID:
31095675
28.
Yonemoto K, Honda T, Kishimoto H, Yoshida D, Hata J, Mukai N, et al. Longitudinal Changes of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in the Middle-Aged and Older Japanese Population: The Hisayama
Study. J Phys Act Health. 2019 Feb 1; 16(2):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0701 Epub
2019 Jan 11. PMID: 30634879
29.
Bell S, Lee C. Emerging adulthood and patterns of physical activity among young Australian women. Int
J Behav Med. 2005; 12(4):227–35. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1204_3 PMID: 16262541
30.
Hallal PC, Victora CG, Wells JC, Lima RC. Physical inactivity: prevalence and associated variables in
Brazilian adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Nov; 35(11):1894–900. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.
0000093615.33774.0E PMID: 14600556
31.
Oyeyemi AL, Oyeyemi AY, Jidda ZA, Babagana F. Prevalence of physical activity among adults in a
metropolitan Nigerian city: a cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol. 2013; 23(3):169–77. https://doi.org/10.
2188/jea.je20120116 Epub 2013 Apr 20. PMID: 23604060
32.
Cabinet Office. Economic and Social Research Institute, Tokyo, 2009. [Cited 2021 May 28] Available
from: https://www.esri.go.jp/jp/prj/hou/hou050/hou50_03_02.pdf (in Japanese).
33.
Umberson D. Gender, marital status and the social control of health behavior. Soc Sci Med. 1992 Apr;
34(8):907–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90259-s PMID: 1604380
34.
Eng PM, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice G, Rimm EB. Effects of marital transitions on changes in dietary and
other health behaviours in US male health professionals. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 Jan; 59
(1):56–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020073 PMID: 15598728
35.
Ikeda A, Iso H, Toyoshima H, Fujino Y, Mizoue T, Yoshimura T, et al.; JACC Study Group. Marital status
and mortality among Japanese men and women: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. BMC Public
Health. 2007 May 7; 7:73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-73 PMID: 17484786
36.
Jang SN, Kawachi I, Chang J, Boo K, Shin HG, Lee H, et al. Marital status, gender, and depression:
analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). Soc Sci Med. 2009
Dec; 69(11):1608–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.007 Epub 2009 Oct 12. PMID:
19819601
37.
Vinther JL, Conklin AI, Wareham NJ, Monsivais P. Marital transitions and associated changes in fruit
and vegetable intake: Findings from the population-based prospective EPIC-Norfolk cohort, UK. Soc
Sci Med. 2016 May; 157:120–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.004 Epub 2016 Apr 6.
PMID: 27082023
38.
Cabinet Office. International Comparison Survey of the Daily Life and Attitudes of Elderly Persons in
2010. Tokyo, 2010. [Cited 2021 May 28] Available from: https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/ishiki/h22/kiso/
gaiyo/pdf/kekka.pdf (in Japanese).
39.
Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: cross-sectional &
longitudinal analyses. Health Psychol. 2009 May; 28(3):354–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014400
PMID: 19450042
40.
Seino S, Kitamura A, Nishi M, Tomine Y, Tanaka I, Taniguchi Y, et al. Individual- and community-level
neighbor relationships and physical activity among older Japanese adults living in a metropolitan area:
a cross-sectional multilevel analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018 May 25; 15(1):46. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s12966-018-0679-z PMID: 29801456
41.
Dwyer LA, Patel M, Nebeling LC, Oh AY. Independent Associations and Interactions of Perceived
Neighborhood and Psychosocial Constructs on Adults’ Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health. 2018 May
1; 15(5):361–368. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0202 Epub 2018 Mar 23. PMID: 29569999
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254706 July 15, 2021
13 / 13
...