Two types of clinical ictal direct current shifts in invasive EEG of intractable focal epilepsy identified by waveform cluster analysis

Amzica F, Massimini M. Glial and neuronal interactions during slow wave and paroxysmal activities in the neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2002;12:1101–13.

Bastany ZJR, Askari S, Dumont GA, Kellinghaus C, Kazemi A, Gorji A. Association of cortical spreading depression and seizures in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2020;131(12):2861–74.

Bragin A, Wilson CL, Fields T, Fried I, Engel J. Analysis of seizure onset on the basis of wideband EEG recordings. Epilepsia 2005;46(s5):59–63.

Giaume C, Koulakoff A, Roux L, Holcman D, Rouach N. Astroglial networks: a step further in neuroglial and gliovascular interactions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11 (2):87–99.

Gnatkovsky V, Pelliccia V, de Curtis M, Tassi L. Two main focal seizure patterns revealed by intracerebral electroencephalographic biomarker analysis. Epilepsia 2019;60(1):96–106.

Ikeda A, Takeyama H, Bernard C, Nakatani M, Shimotake A, Daifu M, Matsuhashi M, Kikuchi T, Kunieda T, Matsumoto R, Kobayashi T, Sato K. Active direct current (DC) shifts and ‘‘Red slow”: two new concepts for seizure mechanisms and identification of the epileptogenic zone. Neurosci Res 2020;156:95–101.

Ikeda A, Taki W, Kunieda T, Terada K, Mikuni N, Nagamine T, et al. Focal ictal direct current shifts in human epilepsy as studied by subdural and scalp recording. Brain 1999;122:827–38.

Ikeda A, Terada K, Mikuni N, Burgess RC, Comair Y, Taki W, Hamano T, Kimura J, Luders HO, Shibasaki H. Subdural recording of ictal DC shifts in neocortical seizures in humans. Epilepsia 1996;37(7):662–74.

Imamura H, Matsumoto R, Inouchi M, Matsuhashi M, Mikuni N, Takahashi R, et al. Ictal wideband ECoG: direct comparison between ictal slow shifts and high frequency oscillations. Clin Neurophysiol 2011;122(8):1500–4.

Jacobs J, LeVan P, Chander R, Hall J, Dubeau F, Gotman J. Interictal high-frequency oscillations (80–500 Hz) are an indicator of seizure onset areas independent of spikes in the human epileptic brain. Epilepsia 2008;49:1893–907.

Jacobs J, Levan P, Chatillon CE, Olivier A, Fubeau F, Gotman J. High frequency oscillations in intracranial EEGs mark epileptogenicity rather than lesion type. Brain 2009;132:1022–37.

Jiruska P, Alvarado-Rojas C, Schevon CA, Staba R, Stacey W, Wendling F, et al. Update on the mechanisms and roles of high frequency oscillations in seizures and epileptic disorders. Epilepsia. 2017;58(8):1330–9.

Kajikawa S, Kobayashi K, Daifu M, Matsuhashi M, Hitomi T, Yamao Y, et al. Two types of Ictal direct current (DC) shifts were endorsed by time constant 2 seconds in epilepsy surgery. In: Programs and Abstracts of the Twelfth Asian & Oceanian Epilepsy Congress. Bali; 2018.

Kanazawa K, Matsumoto R, Imamura H, Matsuhashi M, Kikuchi T, Kunieda T, et al. Intracranially recorded ictal direct current shifts may precede high frequency oscillations in human epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2015;125:47–59.

Kielbinski M, Gzielo K, Soltys Z. Review: roles for astrocytes in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016;42(7):593–606.

Kinboshi M, Shimizu S, Mashimo T, Serimkawa T, Ito H, Ikeda A, et al. Down- regulation of astrocytic Kir4.1 channels during the audiogenic epileptogenesis in leucine-rich glioma-inactivated (Lgi1) mutant rats. Int J Mol Sci. Published online 26 Feb 2019. doi:10.3390/ijms20051013.

Kobayashi T, Kitaura H, Murai T, Nakatani M, Yamao Y, Kikuchi T, et al. Active direct current shifts in intractable partial epilepsy was endorsed by pathological abnormality. In: Programs and abstracts of the thirty-third international epilepsy congress. Bangkok; 2019.

Mader Jr EC, Fisch BJ, Carey ME, Villemarette-Pittman NR. Ictal onset slow potential shifts recorded with hippocampal depth electrodes. Neurol Clin Neurophysiol 2005;4:4.

Modur PN, Vitaz TW, Zhang S. Seizure localization using broadband EEG: comparison of conventional frequency activity, high-frequency oscillations, and infraslow activity. J Clin Neurophysiol 2012;29:309–19.

Murai T, Hitomi T, Matsuhashi M, Matsumoto R, Kawamura Y, Kanda M, et al. Scalp EEG could record both ictal DC shift and HFO together even with a time constant of 2 seconds. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020;37:191–4.

Nagelhus EA, Mathiisen TM, Ottersen OP. Aquaporin-4 in the central nervous system: cellular and subcellular distribution and coexpression with KIR4.1. Neuroscience 2004;129:905–13.

Nakatani M, Inouchi M, Togawa J, Murai T, Daifu M, Kobayashi K, et al. Active ictal DC shifts as a new surrogate marker to delineate core seizure focus in epilepsy surgery. In: Programs and abstracts of the 53rd Japan Epilepsy Society Congress. Kobe; 2019.

Pinto LF, Gilmore EJ, Petroff AO, Sivaraju A, Rampal N, Hirsch LJ, et al. Cyclic seizures in critically ill patients: Clinical 191 correlates, DC recordings and outcomes. Clin Neurophysiol 2017;128:1083–90.

Rampp S, Stefan H. Ictal onset baseline shifts and infraslow activity. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;29:291–7.

Rodin E, Modur P. Ictal intracranial infraslow EEG activity. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(10):2188–200.

Speckmann EJ, Elger C, Gorji A. Neurophysiologic basis of EEG of EEG and DC potentials. In: Schomer D, Silva L, editors. Niedermer’s Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwers; 2011. p. 19.

Sukigara S, Dai H, Nabatame S, Otsuki T, Hanai S, Honda R, et al. Expression of astrocyte-related receptors in cortical dysplasia with intractable epilepsy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014;73(8):798–806.

Thompson SA, Krishnan B, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Bulacio J, Jehi L, Mosher J, Alexopoulos A, Burgess RC. Ictal infraslow activity in stereoelectroencephalography: beyond the ‘‘DC shift”. Clin Neurophysiol 2016;127(1):117–28.

Tian G-F, Azmi H, Takano T, Xu Q, Peng W, Lin J, Oberheim NancyAnn, Lou N, Wang X, Zielke HR, Kang J, Nedergaard M. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nat Med 2005;11(9):973–81.

Vanhatalo S, Holmes MD, Tallgren P, Voipio J, Kaila K, Miller JW. Very slow EEG responses lateralize temporal lobe seizures:an evaluation of non-invasive DC – EEG. Neurology 2003;60(7):1098–104.

Walrave L, Pierre A, Albertini G, Aourz N, De Bundel D, Van Eeckhaut A, Vinken M, Giaume C, Leybaert L, Smolders I. Inhibition of astroglial connexin43 hemichannels with TAT-Gap19 exerts anticonvulsant effects in rodents. Glia 2018;66(8):1788–804.

Worrel GA, Gardner AB, Stead SM, Hu S, Goerss S, Cascino GJ, et al. High-frequency oscillations in human temporal lobe:simultaneous microwire and clinical macroelectrode recordings. Brain 2008;131:928–37.

Wu S, Kunhi Veedu HP, Lhatoo SD, Koubeissi MZ, Miller JP, Lüders HO. Role of ictal baseline shifts and ictal high-frequency oscillations in stereo- electroencephalography analysis of mesial temporal lobe seizures. Epilepsia 2014;55:190–8.

Zuckermann EC, Glaser GH. Slow potential shifts in dorsal hippocampus during ‘‘epileptogenic” perfusion of the inferior horn with high-potassium CSF. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1970;28(3):236–46.