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Phylogeny and population genetics of Japanese harbour seals(Phoca vitulina),the southernmost population in west Pacific.

水野 米利子 東京農業大学

2020.05.12

概要

ハーバーシール(Phoca vitulina)は採餌および交尾は水中で行うが,休息,出産・子育て(繁殖),換毛を上陸場で行う半水生の哺乳類であり,北半球に広く生息する。分布域は鰭脚類の中で最大であり,亜種の数は,研究者により見解は異なるが,少なくとも太平洋および大西洋にそれぞれ2亜種ずつの計4亜種(西太平洋:P. v. stejengeri,東太平洋: P. v. richardii, 西大西洋: P. v. concolor,東大西洋: P. v. vitulina)が知られている。北海道は西太平洋亜種(P. v. stejnegeri)の生息域の最南端であり,上陸場はえりもに1ヵ所,厚岸に4ヵ所,浜中に4ヵ所,根室に2ヵ所の計11ヵ所が知られている。最も離れた上陸場間の距離は,えりもと厚岸の150kmで,その他の上陸場は北海道東部地域(以下道東)の75km範囲に10ヵ所が点在する。

一般にハーバーシールは,干潟,砂州,岩,岩礁,流氷などの自然物から,ブイや丸太などの人工物など様々な場所に上陸することが知られているが,日本では岩礁のみを上陸場として利用し,そこで休息,繁殖,換毛を行う。太平洋の中でも,西太平洋亜種は,オスとメスで体長が異なり,比較的大型であることが知られているが,日本のハーバーシールの成獣はさらに体長が大きく,千島列島に生息する同亜種を上回ることが示唆されている。また,日本のハーバーシールの毛色は暗色型(黒もしくは黒っぽい背景に明るい点か輪状の模様)のほうが,明色型(明るい背景に暗い色の点や輪の模様)よりも割合が高く,暗色型の比率は太平洋で最大である。

ハーバーシールは毎年繁殖期に同じ上陸場を利用し,オスメスともに生まれた上陸場,もしくは生まれた上陸場に近い上陸場を繁殖期に利用することが示されている。また,遺伝子研究でも,母系遺伝するミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)と両親から遺伝するマイクロサテライト(MS)DNA両方で,飛び石状の遺伝子流動を示し,地理的に近いグループは遺伝的により近い関係にある。

MtDNAは哺乳類で母系遺伝し,減数分裂の際に遺伝子同士の組み換えが起こらないため系統学の研究に適している。過去のmtDNAの調節領域を使用した系統学の研究では,ハーバーシールがベーリング海峡を通り太平洋に移入後,どのように分布を広げたかで異なる仮説が混在しており,太平洋における日本産ハーバーシールの分岐背景は明確にされていない。一方,日本のサンプルのみ使用した系統解析では,日本には2つの系統があることを示していたが,mtDNAの異なる領域を使用していたため,他地域との比較が出来ていない。

MSは,両親から遺伝し,置換速度が速く,多様性も高いため近年の集団遺伝研究に頻繁に使われてきた。また,哺乳類では一般的にオスがメスよりも広く分散し,遺伝子流動もオスで高いため,MSとmtDNAの2つの遺伝子マーカーを比較することで,遺伝子流動におけるオスとメスの違いを見ることができる。ハーバーシールでもオスで高い遺伝子流動を示す地域がある一方,最終氷期に集団が孤立したと考えられる集団(東太平洋ハーバーシール)では,mtDNAとMSで同様の集団分けが示され,歴史的背景が現代の集団遺伝に影響することが示唆されている。さらに,日本のハーバーシールは1970年代に個体数が減少し,1998年に環境省の絶滅危惧種に指定され保護が始まると個体数は徐々に増加し,2015年には準絶滅危惧種にダウンリストされている。このことから日本に生息するハーバーシールは個体数の増減の影響が遺伝的多様性に影響している可能性もある。しかしながら,現在まで日本の集団においてMSを使用した研究はされておらず,mtDNAとの比較ができず,集団遺伝や近年の個体数減少の影響も不明のままである。

ハーバーシールは毎年自らが出生した上陸場を繁殖上陸場として利用する傾向があり,繁殖期に,繁殖上陸場を利用する集団ごとで,それぞれ異なる遺伝的特徴を持つことが考えられる。そのため,mtDNAとMSで繁殖期の繁殖上陸場ごとの遺伝的特徴を把握することで,ハーバーシールの繁殖期の繁殖上陸場に対する依存性の高さが分かり,さらに,非繁殖期と比較することで季節移動を推定できる可能性がある。しかし,ハーバーシールの生態情報を加味し,遺伝的特徴を季節で比較した研究報告はない。

そこで本研究では,日本の主要繁殖上陸場からサンプルを収集し,地域ごとのサンプル数をそろえた上で,(1)mtDNAの調節領域を使用して,他地域に生息するハーバーシールとの系統比較を行い日本産ハーバーシールの歴史的分岐背景を明らかにし(2)MSで,近年の集団遺伝および個体数変動の影響を検証,さらに(3)mtDNAおよびMSにより,繁殖期の繁殖上陸場ごとの遺伝的特徴を把握し,非繁殖期と比較することで季節的な個体の移入を検証した。

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