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FIGURE LEGENDS
369
370
Figure 1. Experimental design.
371
Eggs from Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Australorp (AUS) hens fed mixed feed were
372
collected at 33 weeks of age (0 month). After switching to fermented feed at 34 weeks
373
of age, eggs from RIR and AUS were collected 1-month, 1.5-months, and 2-months
374
later. Five eggs were collected at four different stages from each breed; 10 egg traits and
375
19 yolk amino acid traits were measured from 40 eggs in total. These data were
376
analyzed by two-way mixed design analysis of variance (ANOVA) with breed group as
377
the between-subjects factor and feed group as the within-subject factor.
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379
18
Table 1. Analysis of ingredients in mixed feed and fermented feed1
Fermented
Ingredient
Mixed feed
feed
Crude protein (%)
Binding protein (cp%)
Neutral-detergent insoluble protein
(CP%)
Neutral-detergent fiber (%)
Acid-detergent fiber (%)
Acid-detergent lignin (%)
Starch (%)
Nonfibrous carbohydrate (%)
Crude fat (%)
Crude ash (%)
Calcium (%)
Phosphate (%)
Magnesium (%)
Potassium (%)
TDN (%)
NE l (Mcal/kg)
NE m (Mcal/kg)
NE g (Mcal/kg)
Cell content (%)
Ingredient
Mixed
feed
9.40
0.66
13.90
0.85
0.84
0.39
0.65
1.62
0.96
0.35
0.83
0.07
0.81
0.85
1.02
1.30
2.80
1.22
0.71
11.90
171.70
1.39
0.33
0.85
1.49
0.87
0.34
0.95
0.17
1.11
0.93
1.56
1.36
2.99
1.35
0.76
36.20
2321.00
17.50
3.50
20.60
3.40
Total fiber (%)
Arginine (%)
13.20
13.00
5.90
1.60
45.00
51.90
5.90
14.00
4.06
0.54
0.19
0.73
76.50
1.76
1.88
1.24
76.70
20.90
16.20
6.40
2.10
37.50
46.80
6.90
13.80
4.69
1.22
0.43
1.10
76.90
1.81
1.92
1.28
72.30
Glycine (%)
Histidine (%)
Isoleucine (%)
Leucine (%)
Lysine (%)
Methionine (%)
Phenylalanine (%)
Tyrosine (%)
Valine (%)
Serine (%)
Alanine (%)
Aspartic acid (%)
Glutamic acid (%)
Proline (%)
Threonine (%)
Water (%)
Vitamin A (β-carotene) (IU/kg)
%, percentage in dry matter.
380
381
19
Fermented feed
Table 2. Traits of eggs from Rhode Island Red and Australorp hens at four different stages
Rhode Island Red (RIR)
Traits
Egg weight (g)
length of long axis of the
egg (mm)
length of short axis of the
egg (mm)
Yolk weight (g)
Eggshell weight (g)
Albumen weight (g)
Eggshell thickness (mm)
Eggshell color L*
Eggshell color a*
Eggshell color b*
Mixed
Australorp (AUS)
Fermented
month
month
53.4 ±
2.4
55.9 ±
2.1
41.9 ±
1.1
15.7 ±
0.7
6.1 ±
0.6
29.7 ±
1.7
0.39 ±
0.03
62.7 ±
4.3
14.2 ±
2.7
22.3 ±
2.9
52.2 ±
2.6
56.6 ±
1.6
41.1 ±
1.3
16.8 ±
1.0
6.3 ±
0.7
26.1 ±
1.0
0.36 ±
0.04
65.6 ±
4.9
12.6 ±
3.6
21.5 ±
3.4
1.5
month
53.1 ±
2.0
56.5 ±
2.5
41.6 ±
1.1
16.0 ±
1.1
6.4 ±
0.7
29.5 ±
2.2
0.42 ±
0.04
67.3 ±
5.7
11.2 ±
4.4
20.1 ±
4.5
Mixed
month
54.6 ±
3.1
57.7 ±
1.4
41.7 ±
1.1
17.0 ±
1.3
6.7 ±
0.6
29.5 ±
2.2
0.40 ±
0.06
65.6 ±
4.2
12.4 ±
2.3
20.4 ±
2.1
Fermented
month
month
49.2 ±
3.7
54.9 ±
1.7
41.2 ±
1.1
13.3 ±
0.9
6.1 ±
0.5
28.3 ±
3.5
0.40 ±
0.04
70.4 ±
1.8
9.2 ±
1.1
15.2 ±
1.5
50.2 ±
5.1
54.9 ±
1.5
41.1 ±
1.1
14.2 ±
1.0
6.5 ±
0.6
29.9 ±
2.3
0.45 ±
0.04
73.6 ±
1.7
7.1 ±
0.9
12.8 ±
1.7
382
383
384
20
P-value from ANOVA
Interactio
Main effect
n effect
1.5
month
54.8 ±
3.5
56.9 ±
1.8
41.5 ±
1.3
15.5 ±
0.7
6.8 ±
0.6
30.4 ±
4.3
0.41 ±
0.03
73.7 ±
1.9
6.6 ±
1.3
12.0 ±
1.7
month
51.6 ±
4.6
56.9 ±
1.9
41.9 ±
1.7
16.0 ±
1.8
6.9 ±
0.9
27.2 ±
4.1
0.41 ±
0.03
74.5 ±
2.5
6.9 ±
1.2
12.8 ±
2.0
Breed
Feed
Breed*
Feed
0.821
0.155
0.575
0.556
0.059
0.121
0.750
0.381
0.090
0.127
0.215
0.885
0.446
0.807
0.993
0.999
0.543
0.371
0.092
0.458
0.900
0.083
0.021
0.934
2.0E-04
0.068
0.700
8.8E-11
0.106
0.351
Table 3. Yolk amino acid traits of eggs collected from Rhode Island Red and Australorp hens at four different stages
Yolk amino acid
Rhode Island Red (RIR)
Australorp (AUS)
(µg/ml)
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Asparagine
Serine
Glutamine
Glycine
Histidine
Arginine
Threonine
Alanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Valine
Methionine
Mixed
month
21.9 ±
2.7
60.6 ±
6.4
13.0 ±
1.7
24.3 ±
3.0
22.7 ±
2.9
8.4 ±
0.9
3.7 ±
0.9
31.8 ±
4.3
23.3 ±
2.5
14.5 ±
1.9
16.0 ±
1.7
28.4 ±
3.5
23.8 ±
2.4
8.8 ±
1.1
Fermented
month
26.3 ±
10.5
81.1 ±
32.1
15.6 ±
6.5
30.7 ±
12.2
26.6 ±
10.7
11.3 ±
4.7
6.5 ±
3.0
42.0 ±
17.1
29.3 ±
11.9
18.8 ±
7.7
20.3 ±
7.3
36.9 ±
15.0
29.7 ±
11.6
10.9 ±
4.3
1.5
months months
20.3 ± 19.5 ±
11.9
2.0
64.7 ± 59.8 ±
34.9
4.9
12.8 ± 11.8 ±
7.2
1.5
24.6 ± 22.6 ±
13.5
2.5
24.3 ± 23.6 ±
10.8
2.4
9.1 ±
8.2 ±
5.3
1.1
4.5 ±
3.0 ±
3.6
1.9
32.2 ± 28.6 ±
19.5
4.5
23.6 ± 21.9 ±
13.1
2.3
14.9 ± 13.7 ±
8.8
2.1
16.5 ± 16.3 ±
8.1
1.6
28.8 ± 24.8 ±
16.5
3.6
24.1 ± 22.6 ±
12.9
2.7
9.1 ±
8.5 ±
4.7
1.2
Mixed
Fermented
month
15.7 ±
3.3
58.0 ±
4.8
14.2 ±
1.0
24.0 ±
1.9
26.0 ±
1.4
8.9 ±
0.7
12.7 ±
1.0
35.2 ±
3.5
15.4 ±
0.9
14.6 ±
1.3
13.6 ±
1.1
30.9 ±
2.2
22.6 ±
1.0
10.3 ±
0.9
1.5
month months months
15.7 ± 19.4 ± 22.7 ±
2.8
13.6
14.2
59.7 ± 61.9 ± 59.8 ±
16.9
23.1
22.1
13.8 ± 13.5 ± 12.8 ±
2.8
2.4
2.3
23.3 ± 23.1 ± 21.8 ±
6.0
2.7
3.3
26.2 ± 26.1 ± 23.0 ±
5.1
3.6
4.8
8.6 ±
8.9 ±
8.9 ±
2.0
1.2
1.1
10.6 ± 12.1 ± 11.2 ±
2.0
1.1
0.8
33.9 ± 34.1 ± 27.5 ±
6.8
5.6
14.6
17.9 ± 15.2 ± 14.6 ±
8.3
2.1
2.6
14.3 ± 14.6 ± 13.8 ±
3.1
2.6
2.3
14.7 ± 14.2 ± 14.1 ±
4.3
2.1
2.1
30.1 ± 30.4 ± 30.7 ±
4.9
4.6
3.8
24.2 ± 23.2 ± 22.9 ±
5.6
3.9
3.2
10.1 ± 10.0 ±
9.0 ±
2.0
1.9
2.3
21
P-value from ANOVA
Interaction
Main effect
effect
Breed*
Breed Feed
Feed
0.683
0.822
0.760
0.451
0.493
0.931
0.390
0.544
0.907
0.756
0.403
0.984
0.726
0.868
0.514
0.737
0.421
0.968
0.082
0.338
0.222
0.719
0.307
0.754
0.803
0.284
0.957
0.730
0.512
0.947
0.940
0.341
0.953
0.725
0.344
0.777
0.823
0.391
0.900
0.891
0.463
0.894
Table 3. (Continued)
Cysteine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
0.4 ±
0.1
19.7 ±
2.3
39.4 ±
5.1
23.6 ±
1.8
32.7 ±
5.2
0.8 ±
0.9
24.9 ±
9.4
49.2 ±
19.8
28.7 ±
9.2
45.5 ±
20.4
0.3 ±
0.3
20.1 ±
10.4
39.4 ±
22.0
23.6 ±
10.2
35.8 ±
22.3
0.7 ±
0.9
19.1 ±
2.1
36.2 ±
4.9
21.6 ±
1.8
30.9 ±
5.4
4.2 ±
0.4
18.0 ±
1.2
33.6 ±
1.8
22.4 ±
1.7
37.8 ±
2.8
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
22
3.3 ±
1.7
19.4 ±
4.6
35.6 ±
8.9
23.3 ±
4.5
37.5 ±
8.8
4.1 ±
0.9
18.4 ±
3.2
32.6 ±
6.1
21.6 ±
3.8
36.7 ±
5.4
5.1 ±
3.3
18.7 ±
2.6
32.6 ±
4.5
22.2 ±
2.1
35.8 ±
5.1
0.041
0.329
0.021
0.890
0.299
0.882
0.981
0.356
0.930
0.749
0.299
0.875
0.677
0.379
0.978
395
396
397
Figure 1
398
399
23
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