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MINERAL ELEMENTS TRANSPORT ACROSS MINERAL-PEAT LANDFORMS UNDER OIL PALM PLANTATION IN INDONESIA

Wahyu, Iskandar 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k23580

2021.11.24

概要

インドネシアにおける近年の農業開発は、これまで生産には向かないと考えられてきた熱帯泥炭湿地にも拡大している。泥炭地で広く行われているアブラヤシ・プランテーションはインドネシア経済に対する寄与が大きい一方、泥炭の分解に伴う温室効果ガスの放出などを通して環境破壊も同時にもたらしている。適切な泥炭地利用のためには、農地利用、森林再生のいずれにおいても制約となっている泥炭の無機栄養供給プロセスを理解する必要がある。本研究は、インドネシア国リアウ州のアブラヤシ農園において、これまで別々に扱われることが多かった泥炭地生態系と隣接する鉱質土壌生態系について、双方にまたがる鉱質成分の移動・収支の観点から明らかにするために行われたものである。

　第１章は序論であり、これまでの泥炭研究およびアブラヤシ生産の動向についてレビューし現在の課題を明示した上で、本研究の目的・構成について述べている。

　第２章では、本研究を行った地域や研究対象地の概要、研究手法に関する情報をまとめている。

　第３章では、アブラヤシ農園として管理される泥炭地における鉱質成分収支について調査した結果をまとめている。流入水系、排水ネットワークに基づいて対象とする泥炭地を面積の異なる２つの単位（4,662haと2,302ha）に分け、それぞれ鉱質土壌地帯から泥炭へ流入する小河川および排水系において水試料（懸濁物を含む）を採取し化学組成を分析することによって、泥炭地における鉱質成分の収支とその季節変動を算出した。その結果、アブラヤシ農園という同一の土地利用の下では、泥炭地の面積が流入鉱質成分を捕捉する上で重要であることを明らかにした。すなわち泥炭地の面積が大きければ排水路も長くなり、特に強降雨時において懸濁物の沈殿などを通した鉱質成分の捕捉に有利に働くことを示した。その結果、面積の大きな泥炭地においては損失量をほぼ補うだけの鉱質成分が捕捉されていると結論づけた。

　第４章では、鉱質土壌地帯の土壌侵食特性に基づき、鉱質成分の供給プロセスについて調査した結果をまとめている。４本の流入河川の流域形状について、デジタル標高地図を用いて流域面積、外周、総河川長、主河川長、グラベリウス・コンパクト係数、ストリーム密度、勾配分布を算出し、河川の流出特性および懸濁物・溶存成分量との関係を検討した。その結果、鉱質成分濃度はより面積が小さい流域で高かったが、流出総量については規模に関係なく排水率の高い流域で大きくなった。また、これら土壌侵食実測値は、Revised Universal Soil Loss Equationに基づく推定値を下回ったことから、実際には侵食された土壌の相当部分は流出測定地点に到達する前に再堆積していたと推定した。

　第５章では、調査対象とした泥炭地土壌における鉱質成分の面的分布に関する解析結果をまとめている。32地点において表層土壌（0-15,15-30,30-50cm）を採取するとともに、３本のトランセクト（鉱質土壌地帯に沿ったトランセクト、反対側の主河川（地域から排水される河川）に沿ったトランセクト、鉱質土壌地帯から主河川へ向かうトランセクト）より土壌断面試料を採取し分析した。その結果、鉱質土壌地帯に近い泥炭土壌には、表層土壌に限定されず土壌断面を通して鉱質成分の富化が観察された。これは、ここまで検討してきた小河川を通した鉱質土壌地帯から泥炭地への鉱質成分の移動プロセスを裏付ける結果である。

　第６章では、総合考察と結論を述べるとともに、今後必要とされる検討課題について述べている。

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