論文の公開元へ

書き出し

Refer/BibIX

RIS

BibTeX

TSV

Studies on subsidence-related issues under paddy land use in boreal peatlands

横地, 穣北海道大学

2022.03.24

概要

Amongst various types of lands on the earth, peatlands are wetland areas with naturally accumulated layers of dead plant bodies (peat) at the surface under saturated or water-rich environments. Reclamation and drainage for agricultural use of peatlands inevitably cause land surface subsidence. Several agricultural management methods to mitigate subsidence have been proposed, such as rewetting and paludiculture. In Hokkaido, northern Japan, peatlands cover approximately up to 270,000 ha. Nearly 70 % of the peatland area has been drained and converted to agricultural farmlands during the past century. The most remarkable point in the agricultural use of peatlands in Hokkaido is that peatlands have been used as paddy fields for rice production, which is a rare case if compared to other countries in the world. To investigate peat subsidence related issues in paddy use peatlands in Hokkaido will provide important insights for future land use in peatlands not only in Hokkaido but also in countries with peatlands around the world.

In this study, issues related to peat subsidence in Hokkaido, where peatlands have been uniquely cultivated as paddies for rice production, were investigated to get knowledge about how paddy use affects peat subsidence and what is needed for sustainable paddy agriculture in peatlands. Following the circumstances mentioned above, the objectives of this study are to clarify the effect of paddy use of peatland on subsidence, to understand the impacts of mineral soil dressing of paddy fields on peat subsidence, and to grasp the actual situation of subsidence of irrigation faculties on peatland, which have been poorly understood.

In advance to the investigation of peat subsidence in the paddy fields, the current agricultural use of peatland in Hokkaido and its impacts on greenhouse gas emission were assessed. The assessment on the land use of peatlands in Hokkaido with satellite image remote sensing was carried out, and CO2 emission was estimated based on the land use assessment. The value of estimated CO2 emission was compared to the official report of the Japanese government. The contribution of the emissions from the peatlands to the total anthropogenic emission from Hokkaido was discussed based on our estimates. The results showed that the total emission from the entire agricultural peatlands in Hokkaido was estimated to be 1,919,000 t CO2 yr-1. Based on this result, the emission from organic soils reported in Japan’s greenhouse gas inventory was obviously underestimated. The contribution of the emission from peatlands based on this study was estimated to be 2.6 % of the total anthropogenic CO2 emission from Hokkaido, and it could have the largest contribution to the emission from the agricultural sector in Hokkaido.

Following the assessment of the land use, the effect of paddy use of peatlands on land subsidence was discussed. The subsidence rates of peatland in rice paddy use were measured and compared with the rates in peatland under upland crop cultivation. The subsidence was observed broadly enough to get as many samples as possible with digital elevation models constructed based on airborne laser surveys. The average subsidence between 2006 and 2017 for the paddy plots was almost zero and significantly less than that of the upland plots. The subsidence reduced linearly as the period of paddy use increased. These results suggest that paddy use of peatlands can effectively reduce subsidence. Our results will encourage the use of peatlands with a wet environment as one of the valid options for future peatland management in terms of mitigation of land subsidence and peat loss.

In addition to the impact of paddy use on peat subsidence, the effect of mineral soil dressing on peat subsidence is evaluated. The relationship between land surface subsidence and thickness of the dressed mineral soil layer was examined with 53 field plots that have been used as multipurpose paddy for the production of wheat, soybean, and vegetables as well as rice. In the plots with paddy land use, the subsidence was very small, and there was no significant correlation between the subsidence and the dressed layer thickness. In contrast, subsidence in upland plots had a significant negative correlation with the thickness. This suggested that thicker soil dressing can effectively reduce surface subsidence. The thick layer of dressed soil may reduce the oxidative decomposition of peat by relatively deepening the peat layers from the surface.

The subsidence of irrigation pipelines in peatlands is also assessed. The subsidence of pipelines was relatively uniform in the section without any special construction conditions such as intersection with road or junction to aqueduct bridge. On the other hand, the subsidence of the pipelines occurred unevenly at the intersection with the road where the vertical load was high and at the junction to the aqueduct bridge where the pipeline was fixed to a firm pile foundation. Uneven subsidence may damage the joints of the pipes and some of the observed misalignment excessed the allowance designated by the design criteria. Thus, the risk of incidence such as leakage may increase at those sections. Therefore, continuous observation and measures against uneven subsidence of pipelines are strongly required.

Despite more than 50 years since the reclamation, the subsidence continues in peatlands. Subsidence is a crucial problem accompanying agricultural use of peatlands, and thus future decision-making on land use must consider this continued subsidence and environmental consequences. The result of this study implied agricultural practice with paddy cultivation could possibly reduce subsidence. However, the socio-economic condition conflicts with this as the demand and price of rice has been decreasing. Therefore, a combination of technical and socio-economic implementation is necessary to make the best future land use and management on peatlands to mitigate further subsidence, cost to maintain agronomic production, and related environmental problems.

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

参考文献

Akutsu, T., Sasaki, H., & Machida, M. (2004). Construction Methods for Irrigation Pipleines on Soft Peaty Ground. 53th Congress of Hokkaido Branch of Society of Irrigation and Drainage, 32–37.

Armentano, T. v. (1980). Drainage of Organic Soils as a Factor in the World Carbon Cycle.BioScience, 30(12), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.2307/1308375

Asselen, S. van, Erkens, G., Stouthamer, E., Woolderink, H. A. G. G., Geeraert, R. E. E. E., Hefting, M. M., van Asselen, S., Erkens, G., Stouthamer, E., Woolderink, H. A. G. G., Geeraert, R. E. E. E., & Hefting, M. M. (2018). The relative contribution of peat compaction and oxidation to subsidence in built-up areas in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.141

Birch, H. F. (1958). The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability.Plant and Soil, 10(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01343734

Boschetti, M., Nutini, F., Manfron, G., Brivio, P. A., & Nelson, A. (2014). Comparative Analysis of Normalised Difference Spectral Indices Derived from MODIS for Detecting Surface Water in Flooded Rice Cropping Systems. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e88741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088741

Botch, M. S., Kobak, K. I., Vinson, T. S., & Kolchugina, T. P. (1995). Carbon pools and accumulation in peatlands of the former Soviet Union. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB03156

Boyer, M. L. H., & Wheeler, B. D. (1989). Vegetation Patterns in Spring-Fed Calcareous Fens: Calcite Precipitation and Constraints on Fertility. Journal of Ecology, 77(2), 597–609.

Brouns, K., Eikelboom, T., Jansen, P. C., Janssen, R., Kwakernaak, C., van den Akker, J. J. H., & Verhoeven, J. T. A. (2015). Spatial Analysis of Soil Subsidence in Peat Meadow Areas in Friesland in Relation to Land and Water Management, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Environmental Management, 55(2), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0392-x

Bullock, C. H., & Collier, M. (2011). When the public good conflicts with an apparent preference for unsustainable behaviour. Ecological Economics, 70(5), 971–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.013

Bullock, C. H., Collier, M. J., & Convery, F. (2012). Peatlands, their economic value and priorities for their future management - The example of Ireland. Land Use Policy, 29(4), 921–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.010

Buschmann, C., Röder, N., Berglund, K., Berglund, Ö., Lærke, P. E., Maddison, M., Mander, Ü., Myllys, M., Osterburg, B., & van den Akker, J. J. H. (2020). Perspectives on agriculturally used drained peat soils: Comparison of the socioeconomic and ecological business environments of six European regions. Land Use Policy, 90(November 2019), 104181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104181

Chapman, S., Buttler, A., Vasander, H., Schloter, M., Combe, J., Harms, H., Epron, D., & Laggoun-d, F. (2006). Exploitation of northern peatlands and biodiversity maintenance : a conflict between economy and ecology . To cite this version : Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001

Charman, D. (2002). Peatlands and Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons. Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region. (2016). Study on Functional Inspection of pipelines on peatlands. https://www.pwri.go.jp/jpn/results/report/report- program/2016/pdf/pro-16-2.pdf

Clymo, R. S., Turunen, J., & Tolonen, K. (1998). Carbon Accumulation in Peatland. Oikos, 81(2), 368. https://doi.org/10.2307/3547057

de Jong, M., van Hal, O., Pijlman, J., van Eekeren, N., & Junginger, M. (2021). Paludiculture as paludifuture on Dutch peatlands: An environmental and economic analysis of Typha cultivation and insulation production. Science of The Total Environment, 792, 148161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148161

Denman, K. L., Brasseur, G., & Chidthaisong, A. (2007). Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,.

Dong, J., Xiao, X., Menarguez, M. A., Zhang, G., Qin, Y., Thau, D., Biradar, C., & Moore, B. (2016). Mapping paddy rice planting area in northeastern Asia with Landsat 8 images, phenology-based algorithm and Google Earth Engine. Remote Sensing of Environment, 185, 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.016

Drexler, J. Z., de Fontaine, C. S., & Brown, T. A. (2009). Peat accretion histories during the past 6,000 years in marshes of the sacramento-san joaquin delta, CA, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 32(5), 871–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-009-9202-8

Erkens, G., van der Meulen, M. J., & Middelkoop, H. (2016). Double trouble: Subsidence and CO2respiration due to 1,000 years of Dutch coastal peatlands cultivation. Hydrogeology Journal, 24(3), 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1380-4

FAO. (2011). The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO. (2012). WORLD AGRICULTURE TOWARDS 2030/2050.

Fenner, N., & Freeman, C. (2011). Drought-induced carbon loss in peatlands. Nature Geoscience, 4(12), 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1323

Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Hackler, J., Boden, T. A., Conway, T. J., Canadell, J. G., Raupach, M. R., Ciais, P., & Le Quéré, C. (2010). Update on CO2 emissions. Nature Geoscience, 3(12), 811–812. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1022

Fritz, C., Campbell, D. I., & Schipper, L. A. (2008). Oscillating peat surface levels in a restiad peatland, New Zealand-magnitude and spatiotemporal variability. Hydrological Processes, 22(17), 3264–3274. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6912

Frolking, S., Roulet, N., & Fuglestvedt, J. (2006). How northern peatlands influence the Earth’s radiative budget: Sustained methane emission versus sustained carbon sequestration. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(G1), G01008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000091

Fujita, H., Igarashi, Y., Hotes, S., Takada, M., Inoue, T., & Kaneko, M. (2009). An inventory of the mires of Hokkaido, Japan - Their development, classification, decline, and conservation. Plant Ecology, 200(1), 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9267-z

Gambolati, G., Putti, M., Teatini, P., & Gasparetto Stori, G. (2006). Subsidence due to peat oxidation and impact on drainage infrastructures in a farmland catchment south of the Venice Lagoon. Environmental Geology, 49(6), 814–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254- 006-0176-6

Gibbs, J. P. (1993). Importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-associated animals. Wetlands, 13(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160862

Goldhammer, T., & Blodau, C. (2008). Desiccation and product accumulation constrain heterotrophic anaerobic respiration in peats of an ombrotrophic temperate bog. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(8), 2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.005

Gorham, E. (1991). Northern Peatlands: Role in the Carbon Cycle and Probable Responses to Climatic Warming. Ecological Applications, 1(2), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941811

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, & Ministry of the Environment of Japan. (2021). National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of JAPAN 2021.

Grønlund, A., Hauge, A., Hovde, A., & Rasse, D. P. (2008). Carbon loss estimates from cultivated peat soils in Norway: A comparison of three methods. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 81(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9171-5

Günther, A., Huth, V., Jurasinski, G., & Glatzel, S. (2015). The effect of biomass harvesting on greenhouse gas emissions from a rewetted temperate fen. GCB Bioenergy, 7(5), 1092–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12214

Hatano, R. (2017). Report of survey on actual management of grasslands forage cropping areas in Japan.

Heathwaite, A. L., & Goettlich, K. (1993). Mires: process, exploitation and conservation. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Hendriks, R. F. A., & Akker, J. J. A. van den. (2017). Effectiveness of submerged drains in reducing subsidence of peat soils in agricultural use , and their effects on water management and nutrient loading of surface water : modelling of a case study in the western peat soil area of The Netherlands. Geophysical Research Abstracts,EGU General Assembly 2017, 19.

Hideshima, Y., Suya, K., Ishioka, K., & Nishikawa, H. (1995). Settlement and Deformation of Irrigation Pipelines laid on/embedded in Soft Peaty Ground. Water, Land, and Environmental Eengineering, 63(12), 1249–1254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11408/jjsidre1965.63.12_1255

Hirano, T., Kusin, K., Limin, S., & Osaki, M. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions through oxidative peat decomposition on a burnt tropical peatland. Global Change Biology, 20(2), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12296

Hokkaido Government. (2021). Implemtation of the Environmental Policy in 2019 Based on the Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission. https://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/fs/4/7/4/6/7/6/1/_/報告書(前半).pdf

Holden, J., Wallage, Z. E., Lane, S. N., & McDonald, A. T. (2011). Water table dynamics in undisturbed, drained and restored blanket peat. Journal of Hydrology, 402(1–2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.010

Hoogland, T., van den Akker, J. J. H., & Brus, D. J. (2012). Modeling the subsidence of peat soils in the Dutch coastal area. Geoderma, 171–172, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.02.013

Hooijer, A., Page, S., Jauhiainen, J., Lee, W. A., Lu, X. X., Idris, A., & Anshari, G. (2012). Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences, 9(3), 1053–1071. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1053-2012

Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wösten, H., Page, S., Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wösten, H., & Page, S. (2006). Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943 (2006), 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.08.162

Houghton, R. A., Hackler, J. L., & Lawrence, K. T. (1999). The U.S. carbon budget: Contributions from land-use change. Science, 285(5427), 574–578. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5427.574

Hutchinson, J. N. (1980). The Record of Peat Wastage in the East Anglian Fenlands at Holme Post, 1848-1978 A.D. Journal of Ecology, 68(1), 229–249.

Ilnicki, P. (2003). Agricultural Production Systems for Organic Soil Conservation. In L.-E. Parent & P. Ilnicki (Eds.), Organic soils and peat materials for sustainable agriculture (pp. 187– 199). CRC Press.

Inoue, T. (2012). Landuse of peatland and its conservation. Journal of Japan’s Society Ot Soil Physics, 129, 21–22.

Inoue, T., Hiroko, F., & Yokochi, M. (2017). Agricultural development, environmental degradation, and movement toward wetland restoration in Sarobetsu Peatland of northern Hokkaido, Japan. Book of Abstracts Symposium International Peatlands Society 50 Years,16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20710/dojo.66.5_465

Inoue, T., & Obana, K. (2000). Peat Subsidence in Ishikari Peatland. Congress of Society of Irrrigation and Drainage 2000, 438–439.

IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis (T. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, & P. Midgley, Eds.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324

IPCC. (2014). 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (T. G. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, Ed.). IPCC.

Ishii, Y., Hori, K., & Momohara, A. (2017). Middle to late Holocene flood activity estimated from loss on ignition of peat in the Ishikari lowland, northern Japan. Global and Planetary Change, 153(November 2016), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.004

Ishii, Y., Hori, K., Momohara, A., Nakanishi, T., & Hong, W. (2016). Middle to late-Holocene decreased fluvial aggradation and widespread peat initiation in the Ishikari lowland (northern Japan). The Holocene, 26(12), 1924–1938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616646189

Ishioka, K., Suya, K., & Nozawa, K. (1993). Examination of Construction Methods on Soft Ground (3rd Report). 1993 Congress on Research and Development in Hokkaido Reginal Development Breau, 105–110.

Japan’s Society of Irrigation and Drainage, 1. (1995). Irrgation and Drainage in Ishikari River Catchment. Japan’s Society of Irrigation and Drainage.

Joosten, H., & Clarke, D. (2002). Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands. International Mire Conservation Group.

Kasubuchi, T., Yoshida, C., Kudo, S., & Miura, K. (1998). Prevention of peat subsindece in enlarged paddy fields and cycle irrigation. Water, Land, and Environmental Engineering, 66(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11408/jjsidre1965.66.2_177

Kim, J., & Verma, S. B. (1992). Soil surface CO2 flux in a Minnesota peatland. Biogeochemistry, 18(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000425

Knox, S. H., Matthes, J. H., Sturtevant, C., Oikawa, P. Y., Verfaillie, J., & Baldocchi, D. (2016). Biophysical controls on interannual variability in ecosystem-scale CO 2 and CH 4 exchange in a California rice paddy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(3), 978– 1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003247

Knox, S. H., Sturtevant, C., Matthes, J. H., Koteen, L., Verfaillie, J., & Baldocchi, D. (2015). Agricultural peatland restoration: Effects of land-use change on greenhouse gas (CO2and CH4) fluxes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Global Change Biology, 21(2), 750–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12745

Kohyama, K., Miyaji, N., & Kasubuchi, T. (1992). Soil Topdressing Projects in the Central Ishikari Peat Lands and Thickness Map of Topdressing. Miscellaneous Publication of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, 46, 1–61.

Kohyama, K., Miyaji, N., Kasubuchi, T., & Hiroo, O. (1995). Analytical Research on Changes of Land Use and Present Status of Soil Topdressing in Ishikari Peatland Using GIS. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 66, 474–481.

Kreshtapova, V. N., Krupnov, R. A., & Uspenskaya, O. N. (2003). Quality of Organic Soils for Agricultural Use of Cutover Peatlands in Russia. In L.-E. Parent & P. Ilnicki (Eds.), Organic soils and peat materials for sustainable agriculture (pp. 175–186). CRC Press.

Leifeld, J., Müller, M., & Fuhrer, J. (2011). Peatland subsidence and carbon loss from drained temperate fens. Soil Use and Management, 27(2), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475- 2743.2011.00327.x

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan, A. (n.d.). 1:200,000 Map Scale Land Classification Survey.

Miyaji, N., Kohyama, K., Hiroo, O., & Kasubuchi, T. (1995). Surface Subsidenee of Peatland in Bibai, Central Hokkado. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 66(1), 465– 473.

Muromoto, T. (2011). Deterioration and Future Perspectives of Irrigation Facilities. Information Journal of Japan Association of Agricultural Engneering, 82, 30–33.

Okruezko, H. (1996). Agricultural use of peatlands. In E. Lappalainen (Ed.), Global peat resources (pp. 303–309). International Peat Society.

Otukei, J. R., & Blaschke, T. (2010). Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12(SUPPL. 1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.11.002

Paavilainen, E., & Päivänen, J. (1995). Peatland Forestry (Vol. 111). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03125-4

Page, S. E., Rieley, J. O., & Banks, C. J. (2011). Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology, 17(2), 798–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x

Parish, F., Sirin, A., Charman, D., Joosten, H., Minayeva, T., Silvius, M., & Stringer, L. (2008). Assessment on Peatlands, Biodiversity and Climate change. www.gecnet.info; www.peat-portal.net

Prăvălie, R., Patriche, C., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Roșca, B., Dumitraşcu, M., Nita, I. A., Săvulescu, I., Birsan, M. V., & Bandoc, G. (2021). Arable lands under the pressure of multiple land degradation processes. A global perspective. Environmental Research, 194(September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110697

Price, J. (1997). Soil moisture, water tension, and water table relationships in a managed cutover bog. Journal of Hydrology, 202(1–4), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022- 1694(97)00037-1

Price, J. S., & Schlotzhauer, S. M. (1999). Importance of shrinkage and compression in determining water storage changes in peat: the case of a mined peatland. Hydrological Processes, 13(16), 2591–2601. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1085(199911)13:16<2591::AID-HYP933>3.0.CO;2-E

Pronger, J., Schipper, L. A., Hill, R. B., Campbell, D. I., & McLeod, M. (2014a). Subsidence Rates of Drained Agricultural Peatlands in New Zealand and the Relationship with Time since Drainage. Journal of Environment Quality, 43(4), 1442. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.12.0505

Pronger, J., Schipper, L. A., Hill, R. B., Campbell, D. I., & McLeod, M. (2014b). Subsidence Rates of Drained Agricultural Peatlands in New Zealand and the Relationship with Time since Drainage. Journal of Environment Quality, 43(4), 1442. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.12.0505

Research Institute for Rural Engineering. (2007). Construction Method with Bending by Flexible Joints.

Roulet, N. T. (1991). Surface Level and Water Table Fluctuations in a Subarctic Fen. Arctic and Alpine Research, 23(3), 303. https://doi.org/10.2307/1551608

Rydin, H., & Jeglum, J. K. (2006). The biology of peatlands. Oxford Universtiy Press Inc. Sakamoto, K., & Ueya, K. (2021). Subsidence of Irrigation Pipelines and Risk Management for Leakage in Peatlands. Water, Land, and Environmental Eengineering, 89(1), 38–39.

Sawada, Y., Arita, J., Omori, M., & Kawabata, T. (2021). Damage characteristics of conduits in irrigation earth dams. Paddy and Water Environment, 19(1), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-020-00835-2

Schipper, L. A., & McLeod, M. (2006). Subsidence rates and carbon loss in peat soils following conversion to pasture in the Waikato Region, New Zealand. Soil Use and Management, 18(2), 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00225.x

Schlattmann, A., & Rode, M. (2019). Spatial potential for paludicultures to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: an analytic tool. Mires and Peat, 25, 1–14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.324

Schothorst, C. J. (1977). Subsidence of low moor peat soils in the western Netherlands. Geoderma, 17(4), 265–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(77)90089-1

Schouwenaars, J. M. (1993). Hydrological differences between bogs and bog-relicts and consequences for bog restoration. Hydrobiologia, 265(1–3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007270

Seo, H., Tomioka, E., & Katayama, M. (1965). Investigation Report on Soil Texture in Southern Ishikari and Eastern Iburi. In Y. Shima (Ed.), Investigation Report on Soil Texture by Hokkaido Agricultural Research Institute (p. 242).

Simpson, J. E., Wooster, M. J., Smith, T. E. L., Trivedi, M., Vernimmen, R. R. E., Dedi, R., Shakti, M., & Dinata, Y. (2016). Tropical peatland burn depth and combustion heterogeneity assessed using uav photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR. Remote Sensing, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8121000

Smith, P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H., Clark, H., Dong, H., Elsiddig, E. A., Haberl, H., Harper, R., House, J., Jafari, M., Masera, O., Mbow, C., Ravindranath, N. H., Rice, C. W., Robledo Abad, C., Romanovskaya, A., Sperling, F., & Tubiello, F. (2014). Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). In R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, C. Zwickel, & J. C. Minx (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 811–922). Cambridge University Press.

Soil Survey Staffs. (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Stephens, J., Allan, L., & Chen, E. (1984). Organic soil subsidence. Rev. Eng. Geol., 6, 107–122. Suya, K., Nozawa, K., Ishioka, K., & Nishikawa, H. (1995). Experimental Study on Prevention Work against Embedded Pipes’ Buoyancy using with Geotextile. Water, Land, and Environmental Eengineering, 63(12), 1255–1260.

Tamai, Y., Himukai, M., & HIdekazu, T. (2004). Construction Methods for Middle Size Irriagtion Pipelines in Peatlands. 2003 Congress of Research and Development in Hokkaido Regional Development Breau.

The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering. (2010). Handbook of Irrigation, Drainage, and Rural Engineering (The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering, Ed.; 7th editio). The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering,.

van Asselen, S. (2011). The contribution of peat compaction to total basin subsidence: Implications for the provision of accommodation space in organic-rich deltas. Basin

Research, 23(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00482.x

van Asselen, S., Erkens, G., Stouthamer, E., Woolderink, H. A. G., Geeraert, R. E. E., & Hefting, M. M. (2018). The relative contribution of peat compaction and oxidation to subsidence in built-up areas in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.141

Verbeke, L. P. C., Vancoillie, F. M. B., & De wulf, R. R. (2004). Reusing back-propagation artificial neural networks for land cover classification in tropical savannahs. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(14), 2747–2771. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001652385

Verchot, L., Krug, T., Lasco, R. D., Ogle, S., & Raison, J. (2006). Chapter 6 Glassland. In K. Paustian, N. H. Ravindranath, & A. van Amstel (Eds.), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,Volume 4, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (pp. 6.1- 6.49). Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Wilson, D., Blain, D., Couwenberg, J., Evans, C. D., Murdiyarso, D., Page, S. E., Renou-Wilson, F., Rieley, J. O., Sirin, A., Strack, M., & Tuittila, E.-S. (2016). Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with rewetting of organic soils. Mires and Peat, 17(04), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.222

Wösten, J. H. M., Ismail, A. B., & van Wijk, A. L. M. (1997). Peat subsidence and its practical implications: a case study in Malaysia. Geoderma, 78(1–2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00013-X

Xiao, X., He, L., Salas, W., Li, C., Moore, B., Zhao, R., Frolking, S., & Boles, S. (2002). Quantitative relationships between field-measured leaf area index and vegetation index derived from VEGETATION images for paddy rice fields. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(18), 3595–3604. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110115799

Yano, Y., Akazawa, T., & Umeda, Y. (1980). No TitlePresent status and problems for agricultural use of peatland in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Proceedings of the 6th International Peat Congress, 501–505.

Yokochi, M., Matsui, T., Sekimoto, K., & Inoue, T. (2019). Comparison of Long-term Peat Subsidence under Different Land Use. 68th Congress of Hokkaido Branch of Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering, 20–23.

Yokochi, M., Sekimoto, K., & Inoue, T. (2020). Subsidence of rice paddy and upland crop fields in Shinotsu Peatland, Hokkaido, Japan. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 382, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-231-2020

Yokochi, M., Shibata, S., Mori, K., & Inoue, T. (2018). Analysis of Peat Subsidence Using Airborne Laser Survey. Research Congress of Hokkaido Brach of Society of Irrigation, Drainage, and Rural Engineering.

Zabel, F., Putzenlechner, B., & Mauser, W. (2014). Global Agricultural Land Resources – A High Resolution Suitability Evaluation and Its Perspectives until 2100 under Climate Change Conditions. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e107522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107522

Zanello, F., Teatini, P., Putti, M., & Gambolati, G. (2011). Long term peatland subsidence: Experimental study and modeling scenarios in the Venice coastland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 116(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002010

参考文献をもっと見る

分野

大学

学位論文種類・取得年

言語

Studies on subsidence-related issues under paddy land use in boreal peatlands

概要

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

Study on Genetic Diversity of Leafy Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in Vietnam

Economic Value of an Ecosystem Conservation Project: A Case Study of U Minh National Forest in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Effects, and Their Mechanisms, of Temporal and Special Continuity in Grasslands on Plants- and Butterflies- communities

Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Variations on Potato and Rapeseed Markets: Evidence from Market Dynamics Syntheses

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION AND SEASONAL WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN SOCIAL FOREST–DOMINATED WATERSHEDS, LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

参考文献

分野

大学

学位論文種類・取得年

言語

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

Studies on subsidence-related issues under paddy land use in boreal peatlands

概要

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

Study on Genetic Diversity of Leafy Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in Vietnam

Economic Value of an Ecosystem Conservation Project: A Case Study of U Minh National Forest in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Effects, and Their Mechanisms, of Temporal and Special Continuity in Grasslands on Plants- and Butterflies- communities

Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Variations on Potato and Rapeseed Markets: Evidence from Market Dynamics Syntheses

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION AND SEASONAL WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN SOCIAL FOREST–DOMINATED WATERSHEDS, LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

参考文献