1. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist.
1969;9:179–186.
2. Lubitz J, Cai L, Kramarow E, Lentzner H. Health, life expectancy,
and health care spending among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;
349:1048–1055.
3. Liao CC, Li CR, Lee SH, et al. Social support and mortality among
the aged people with major diseases or ADL disabilities in Taiwan: a
national study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60:317–321.
4. Nascimento CM, Oliveira C, Firmo JOA, Lima-Costa MF, Peixoto
SV. Prognostic value of disability on mortality: 15-year follow-up of
the Bambui cohort study of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018;74:
112–117.
5. Zhang Z, Xie D, Kurichi JE, Streim J, Zhang G, Stineman MG.
Mortality predictive indexes for the community-dwelling elderly US
population. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27:901–910.
6. Hennessy S, Kurichi JE, Pan Q, et al. Disability stage is an
independent risk factor for mortality in medicare beneficiaries aged
65 years and older. PM R. 2015;7:1215–1225.
7. Otsuka R, Nishita Y, Tange C, et al. The effect of modifiable healthy
practices on higher-level functional capacity decline among Japanese
community dwellers. Prev Med Rep. 2017;5:205–209.
8. Murakami K, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Satoh M, et al. Impaired higherlevel functional capacity as a predictor of stroke in communitydwelling older adults: the Ohasama Study. Stroke. 2016;47:323–328.
9. Kobayashi LC, Steptoe A. Social isolation, loneliness, and health
behaviors at older ages: longitudinal cohort study. Ann Behav Med.
2018;52:582–593.
10. Takata Y, Ansai T, Soh I, et al. High-level activities of daily living
and disease-specific mortality during a 12-year follow-up of an
octogenarian population. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:721–728.
11. Taniguchi Y, Kitamura A, Nofuji Y, et al. Association of trajectories
of higher-level functional capacity with mortality and medical and
long-term care costs among community-dwelling older Japanese.
J Epidemiol 2023
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74:211–218.
12. Rogers RG, Everett BG, Onge JM, Krueger PM. Social, behavioral,
and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality. Demography.
2010;47:555–578.
13. Kadota A, Hozawa A, Okamura T, et al; NIPPON DATA Research
Group. Relationship between metabolic risk factor clustering and
cardiovascular mortality stratified by high blood glucose and obesity:
NIPPON DATA90, 1990–2000. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1533–
1538.
14. Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Kadowaki T, Kita Y, Okayama A,
Ueshima H; NIPPON DATA90 Research Group. The inverse
relationship between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
level and all-cause mortality in a 9.6-year follow-up study in the
Japanese general population. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:143–150.
15. Hayakawa T, Okamura T, Okayama A, et al. Relationship between
5-year decline in instrumental activity of daily living and accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors: NIPPON DATA90. J Atheroscler
Thromb. 2010;17:64–72.
16. Koyano W, Shibata H, Nakazato K, Haga H, Suyama Y.
Measurement of competence: reliability and validity of the TMIG
Index of Competence. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1991;13:103–116.
17. Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ito-Sato R, Ohkubo T, et al. Health behaviors as
predictors for declines in higher-level functional capacity in older
adults: the Ohasama study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1993–2000.
18. Fujiwara Y, Shinkai S, Kumagai S, et al. Longitudinal changes in
higher-level functional capacity of an older population living in a
Japanese urban community. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2003;36:141–
153.
19. Active aging: a policy framework (2020). World Health Organization. https:==apps.who.int=iris=handle=10665=67215; Accessed
15.02.2021.
20. Huang YC, Cheng HL, Wahlqvist ML, Lo YC, Lee MS. Gender
differences in longevity in free-living older adults who eat-withothers: a prospective study in Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e016575.
21. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and
mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000316.
22. Iwasaki M, Otani T, Sunaga R, et al. Social networks and mortality
based on the Komo-Ise cohort study in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;
31:1208–1218.
23. Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Saeki K. Cross-sectional association
between types of leisure activities and self-rated health according to
gender and work status among older Japanese adults. J Epidemiol.
2019;29:424–431.
24. WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN 2019. Cabinet
Office, Government of Japan. https:==www8.cao.go.jp=koutu=taisaku=
r01kou_haku=english=pdf=wp2019.pdf; Accessed 25.05.2021.
25. Wilson RS, Mendes De Leon CF, Barnes LL, et al. Participation in
cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer
disease. JAMA. 2002;287:742–748.
...