1. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted Country, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006;114:119-125.
2. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001;285:2370-2375.
3. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:983-988.
4. Lake FR, Cullen KJ, de Klerk NH, et al. Atrial fibrillation and mortality in an elderly population. Aust N Z J Med 1989;19:321-326.
5. Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP, WM OF, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in residents or Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:344-359.
6. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 1994;74:236-241.
7. Cairns JA, Connolly SJ. Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: risk of stroke and role of antithrombotic therapy. Circulation 1991;84:469-481.
8. Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke: Dubbo Study of the Elderly. Stroke 1998;29:1341-1346.
9. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:2920-2925.
10. Kilander L, Andren B, Nyman H, et al. Atrial fibrillation is an independent determinant of low cognitive function: a cross-sectional study in elderly men. Stroke 1998;29:1816-1820.
11. Ott A, Breteler MM, de Bruyne MC, et al. Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population- based study: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke 1997;28:316-321.
12. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk facroes, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995;98:476- 484.
13. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998;98:946-952.
14. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, et al. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002;113:359-364.
15. Vidaillet H, Granada JF, Chyou PH, et al. A population-based study of mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Med 2002;113:365-370.
16. Wolf PA, Mitchell JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke, and medical costs. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:229-234.
17. Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB, et al. Increasing trends in hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 1985 through 1999: implications for primary prevention. Circulation 2003;108:711-716.
18. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, et al. Mortality trends in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation: a 21-year community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:986-992.
19. Conen D, Chae CU, Glynn RJ, et al. Risk of death and cardiovascular events in initially healthy women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2011;305:2080-2087.
20. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
21. Sutton NR, Seth M, Ruwende C, et al. Outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:895-904.
22. Kralev S, Schneider K, Lang S, et al. Incidence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing first-time coronary angiography. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e24964.
23. Garrey WE. The nature of fibrillatory contraction of the heart: its relation to tissue mass and form. Am J Physiol 1914;33:397-414.
24. West TC, Landa JF. Minimal mass required for induction of a sustained arrhythmia in isolated atrial segments. Am J Physiol 1962;202:232-236.
25. Moe GK, Rheinboldt WC, Abildskov JA. A computer model of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1964;67:200-220.
26. Konings KT, Kirchhof CJ, Smeets JR, et al. High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation 1994;89:1665-1680.
27. Allessie MA, Rensma PL, Brugada J, et al. Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990:548-559.
28. Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659-666.
29. Calkins H, Reynolds MR, Spector P, et al. Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: Two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009;2:349-361.
30. Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:32-38.
31. Hunter RJ, McCready J, Diab I, et al. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with an ablation strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation is associated with a lower risk of stroke and death. Heart 2012;98:48-53.
32. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al; Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-1833.
33. Shah AN, Mittal S, Sichrovsky TC, et al. Long-term outcome following successful pulmonary vein isolation: pattern and prediction of very late recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:661-667.
34. Mohanty S, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on procedural outcomes I patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1295-1301.
35. Naruse Y, Tada H, Satoh M, et al. Concomitant obstructive sleep apnea increases the recurrence of atrial fibrillation following radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: Clinical impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:331-337.
36. D'Ascenzo F, Corleto A, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Which are the most reliable predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after transcatheter ablation?: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:1984-1989.
37. Kornej J, Hindricks G, Arya A, et al. Presence and extent of coronary artery disease as predictor for AF recurrences after catheter ablation: The Leipzig Heart Center AF Ablation Registry. Int J Cardiol 2015;181:188-192.
38. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al; COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1503–1516.
39. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA 2001;285:2864-2870.
40. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, et al; American Heart Association Writing Group on Myocardial Segmentation and Registration for Cardiac Imaging. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: A statement for healthcare professionals from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of the American heart association. Circulation 2002;105:539-542.
41. Mitter SS, Shah SJ, Thomas JD, et al. A Test in Context: E/A and E/e' to Assess Diastolic Dysfunction and LV Filling Pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1451-1464.
42. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016;29:277-314.
43. Sohn DW, Song JM, Zo JH, et al. Mitral annulus velocity in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:927- 931.
44. Kolvekar SK, D’Sonda A, Akthar P, Reek C, Garratt C, Spyt T. Role of atrial ischemia in development of atrial fibrillation following coronary bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997;11:70-75.
45. Schoonderwoerd BA, Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ. Left ventricular ischemia due to coronary stenosis as an unexpected treatable cause of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:224-228.
46. Gersh BJ, Tsang TS, Seward JB, et al. The changing epidemiology and natural history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: clinical implications. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2004;115:149-159.
47. Takagi T, Takagi A, Yoshikawa J, et al. Elevated left ventricular filling pressure estimated by E/E' ratio after exercise predicts development of new-onset atrial fibrillation independently of left atrial enlargement among elderly patients without obvious myocardial ischemia. J Cardiol 2014;63:128-133.
48. Alasady M, Shipp NJ, Brooks AG, et al. Myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation: importance of atrial ischemia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:738-745.
49. Yamazaki M, Avula UM, Bandaru K, et al. Acute regional left atrial ischemia causes acceleration of atrial drivers during atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:901-909.
50. Nishida K, Qi XY, Wakili R, et al. Mechanisms of atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary artery occlusion in a chronic canine model. Circulation 2011;123:137-146.
51. Guo Y, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. Inflammation in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:2263-2270.
52. De Jong AM, Maass AH, Oberdorf-Maass SU, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van Gilst WH, Van Gelder IC. Mechanisms of atrial structural changes caused by stretch occurring before and during early atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2011;89:754-765.