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Caption list
Figure 1 (a) initial microstructure of the test steel before deformation, (b) shape of the tensile test
specimen in this study and (c) schematic experimental setup of TAKUMI instrument. The white
arrows in (a) indicate retained austenite as an example.
Figure 2 (a) Nominal stress – nominal strain curves, (b) true stress and work-hardening rate vs. true
strain and (c) phase fraction of retained austenite as a function of true strain at various test
temperatures. The black arrows in (a) indicate stress fluctuations.
Figure 3 Phase stresses of bainitic ferrite, austenite and martensite at (a) 293 K, (b) 233 K, (c) 193 K
and (d) 134 K with respect to applied true stress. The phase stresses of ferrite + bainite (α matrix),
austenite and martensite are colored with red, green and blue, respectively. The solid black line in
figures indicates applied true stress at various test temperatures.
Figure 4 The changes of fraction weighted phase stresses of each consisting phases during tensile at
(a) 293 K, (b) 233 K, (c) 193 K and (d) 134 K. The applied true stress-strain curves are
superimposed. Those for bainitic ferrite (α matrix), austenite and martensite are colored with red,
green and blue, respectively.
Figure(s)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1 (a) initial microstructure of the test steel before deformation, (b) shape of the tensile
test specimen in this study and (c) schematic experimental setup of TAKUMI instrument. The
white arrows in (a) indicate retained austenite as an example.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2 (a) Nominal stress – nominal strain curves, (b) true stress and work-hardening rate vs.
true strain and (c) phase fraction of retained austenite as a function of true strain at various
test temperatures. The black arrows in (a) indicate stress fluctuations.
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
(d)
134 K
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Stress, σ /MPa
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Stress, σ /MPa
193 K
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Applied true stress, σT /MPa
Applied true stress, σT /MPa
(c)
233 K
Stress, σ /MPa
(b)
293 K
Stress, σ /MPa
(a)
Applied true stress, σT /MPa
Applied true stress, σT /MPa
Figure 3 Phase stresses of bainitic ferrite, austenite and martensite at (a) 293 K, (b) 233 K, (c)
193 K and (d) 134 K with respect to applied true stress. The phase stresses of ferrite + bainite
(α matrix), austenite and martensite are colored with red, green and blue, respectively. The
solid black line in figures indicates applied true stress at various test temperatures.
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
293 K
(c)
(b)
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
233 K
Stress, σ /MPa
Stress, σ /MPa
(a)
Applied true strain, εT /-
(d)
134 K
Stress, σ /MPa
Stress, σ /MPa
193 K
Applied true strain, εT /-
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Applied true strain, εT /-
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Applied true strain, εT /-
Figure 4 The changes of fraction weighted phase stresses of each consisting phases during
tensile at (a) 293 K, (b) 233 K, (c) 193 K and (d) 134 K. The applied true stress-strain curves
are superimposed. Those for bainitic ferrite (α matrix), austenite and martensite are colored
with red, green and blue, respectively.
Graphical Abstract
134 K
193 K
233 K
293 K
134 K
Martensite
α matrix
Austenite
Nominal strain, εN /-
Applied true stress, σT /MPa
Stress, σ /MPa
134 K
Contribution to the strength
of constituent phases
Phase stresses
Stress, σ /MPa
Nominal stress, σN /MPa
Nominal S-S curves
at low temperatures
α matrix
Austenite
Martensite
Applied true strain, εT /-
...
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