(1)
Durand, G. A.; Raoult, D.; Dubourg, G. Antibiotic Discovery: History, Methods and
Perspectives. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2019, 53 (4), 371–382.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.010.
(2)
Hutchings, M.; Truman, A.; Wilkinson, B. Antibiotics: Past, Present and Future. Curr.
Opin. Microbiol. 2019, 51, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008.
(3)
Aminov, R. I. A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for
the Future. Front. Microbiol. 2010, 1 (134), 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134.
(4)
Dheman, N.; Mahoney, N.; Cox, E. M.; Farley, J. J.; Amini, T.; Lanthier, M. L. An
Analysis of Antibacterial Drug Development Trends in the United States, 1980–2019.
Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 73 (11), E4444–E4450. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa859.
(5)
Brown, E. D.; Wright, G. D. Antibacterial Drug Discovery in the Resistance Era. Nature
2016, 529 (7586), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17042.
26
(6)
Zhu, P.; Cai, L.; Liu, Q.; Feng, S.; Ruan, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, L.; Jiang, H.; Wang, H.;
Wang, J.; Chen, J. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Linolenic Acid Nanoemulsion-Templated
Drug-Loaded Silica Mesocomposites as Efficient Bactericide against Drug-Resistant
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 176 (May), 106261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106261.
(7)
Ashburn, T. T.; Thor, K. B. Drug Repositioning: Identifying and Developing New Uses
for Existing Drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3 (8), 673–683.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1468.
(8)
Kumar, R.; Harilal, S.; Gupta, S. V.; Jose, J.; Thomas, D. G.; Uddin, M. S.; Shah, M. A.;
Mathew, B. Exploring the New Horizons of Drug Repurposing: A Vital Tool for Turning
Hard Work into Smart Work. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 182, 111602.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111602.
(9)
Wu, C.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, P.; Zhong, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Xu, Y.; Li, M.;
Li, X.; Zheng, M.; Chen, L.; Li, H. Analysis of Therapeutic Targets for SARS-CoV-2 and
Discovery of Potential Drugs by Computational Methods. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2020, 10
(5), 766–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.008.
(10) Messer, S. A.; Moet, G. J.; Kirby, J. T.; Jones, R. N. Activity of Contemporary Antifungal
Agents, Including the Novel Echinocandin Anidulafungin, Tested against Candida Spp.,
Cryptococcus Spp., and Aspergillus Spp.: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial
Surveillance Program (2006 to 2007). J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47 (6), 1942–1946.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02434-08.
27
(11) Tortorano, A. M.; Prigitano, A.; Morroni, G.; Brescini, L.; Barchiesi, F. Candidemia:
Evolution of Drug Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Infect. Drug Resist.
2021, 14, 5543–5553. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s274872.
(12) Ellis, D. Amphotericin B: Spectrum and Resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002, 49
(SUPL. S1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/49.suppl_1.7.
(13) Laniado-Laborín, R.; Cabrales-Vargas, M. N. Amphotericin B: Side Effects and Toxicity.
Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 2009, 26 (4), 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2009.06.003.
(14) Eriksson, U.; Seifert, B.; Schaffner, A. Comparison of Effects of Amphotericin B
Deoxycholate Infused over 4 or 24 Hours: Randomised Controlled Trial. Br. Med. J. 2001,
322 (7286), 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7286.579.
(15) Kamiński, D. M. Recent Progress in the Study of the Interactions of Amphotericin B with
Cholesterol and Ergosterol in Lipid Environments. Eur. Biophys. J. 2014, 43 (10–11),
453–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-014-0983-8.
(16) Matsumori, N.; Tahara, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Morooka, A.; Doi, M.; Oishi, T.; Murata, M.
Direct Interaction between Amphotericin B and Ergosterol in Lipid Bilayers as Revealed
by 2H NMR Spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (33), 11855–11860.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9033473.
(17) Saka, Y.; Mita, T. Interaction of Amphotericin B with Cholesterol in Monolayers,
Aqueous Solutions, and Phospholipid Bilayers. J. Biochem. 1998, 123 (5), 798–805.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022007.
(18) Latgé, J. P. Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1999, 12 (2),
310–350. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.2.310.
28
(19) Abad-zapatero, C.; Goldman, R.; Muchmore, S. W.; Hutchins, C.; Stewart, K.; Navaza, J.;
Payne, C. D.; Ray, T. L.; Group, A.; Laboratories, A.; Park, A. Structure of a Secreted
Aspartic Protease from C. Albicans Complexed with a Potent Inhibitor: Implications for
the Design of Antifungal Agents. Protein Sci. 1996, 5, 640–652.
(20) Kryštůfek, R.; Šácha, P.; Starková, J.; Brynda, J.; Hradilek, M.; Tloušt’ová, E.; Grzymska,
J.; Rut, W.; Boucher, M. J.; Drąg, M.; Majer, P.; Hájek, M.; Řezáčová, P.; Madhani, H.
D.; Craik, C. S.; Konvalinka, J. Re-Emerging Aspartic Protease Targets: Examining
Cryptococcus Neoformans Major Aspartyl Peptidase 1 as a Target for Antifungal Drug
Discovery. J. Med. Chem. 2021, 64 (10), 6706–6719.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02177.
(21) Martinez, D. A.; Oliver, B. G.; Gräser, Y.; Goldberg, J. M.; Li, W.; Martinez-Rossi, N.
M.; Monod, M.; Shelest, E.; Barton, R. C.; Birch, E.; Brakhage, A. A.; Chen, Z.; Gurr, S.
J.; Heiman, D.; Heitman, J.; Kosti, I.; Rossi, A.; Saif, S.; Samalova, M.; Saunders, C. W.;
Shea, T.; Summerbell, R. C.; Xu, J.; Young, S.; Zeng, Q.; Birren, B. W.; Cuomo, C. A.;
White, T. C. Comparative Genome Analysis of Trichophyton Rubrum and Related
Dermatophytes Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Infection. MBio 2012, 3 (5).
https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00259-12.
(22) Monod, M.; Capoccia, S.; Léchenne, B.; Zaugg, C.; Holdom, M.; Jousson, O. Secreted
Proteases from Pathogenic Fungi. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2002, 292 (5–6), 405–419.
https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4221-00223.
(23) Gräser, Y.; Monod, M.; Bouchara, J. P.; Dukik, K.; Nenoff, P.; Kargl, A.; Kupsch, C.;
Zhan, P.; Packeu, A.; Chaturvedi, V.; De Hoog, S. New Insights in Dermatophyte
Research. Med. Mycol. 2018, 56, S2–S9. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx141.
29
(24) Maeda, H. Role of Microbial Proteases in Pathogenesis. Microbiol. Immunol. 1996, 40
(10), 685–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01129.x.
(25) Du, X.; Zhou, J.; Shi, J.; Xu, B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft
Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115 (24), 13165–13307.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299.
(26) Suzuki, M.; Yumoto, M.; Shirai, H.; Hanabusa, K. Supramolecular Gels Formed by
Amphiphilic Low-Molecular-Weight Gelators of Nα-Nεdiacyl-L-Lysine Derivatives.
Chem. - A Eur. J. 2008, 14 (7), 2133–2144. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701111.
(27) De Loos, M.; Feringa, B. L.; Van Esch, J. H. Design and Application of Self-Assembled
Low Molecular Weight Hydrogels. European J. Org. Chem. 2005, No. 17, 3615–3631.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200400723.
(28) Bieser, A. M.; Tiller, J. C. Structure and Properties of Low Molecular Weight
Hydrogelators. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 13180–13187.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp076495x.
(29) Tanaka, A.; Fukuoka, Y.; Morimoto, Y.; Honjo, T.; Koda, D.; Goto, M.; Maruyama, T.
Cancer Cell Death Induced by the Intracellular Self-Assembly of an Enzyme-Responsive
Supramolecular Gelator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 (2), 770–775.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja510156v.
(30) Restu, W. K.; Yamamoto, S.; Nishida, Y.; Ienaga, H.; Aoi, T.; Maruyama, T. Hydrogel
Formation by Short D-Peptide for Cell-Culture Scaffolds. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 111,
110746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110746.
(31) Yamamoto, S.; Nishimura, K.; Morita, K.; Kanemitsu, S.; Nishida, Y.; Morimoto, T.; Aoi,
T.; Tamura, A.; Maruyama, T. Microenvironment PH-Induced Selective Cell Death for
30 Potential Cancer Therapy Using Nanofibrous Self-Assembly of a Peptide Amphiphile.
Biomacromolecules 2021, 22 (6), 2524–2531.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00267.
(32) Restu, W. K.; Nishida, Y.; Yamamoto, S.; Ishii, J.; Maruyama, T. Short Oligopeptides for
Biocompatible and Biodegradable Supramolecular Hydrogels. Langmuir 2018, 34 (27),
8065–8074. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00362.
(33) Albadr, A. A.; Coulter, S. M.; Porter, S. L.; Thakur, R. R. S.; Laverty, G. Ultrashort SelfAssembling Peptide Hydrogel for the Treatment of Fungal Infections. Gels 2018, 4 (2), 1–
15. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4020048.
(34) Fleming, S.; Ulijn, R. V. Design of Nanostructures Based on Aromatic Peptide
Amphiphiles. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (23), 8150–8177.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00247d.
(35) Panja, S.; Dietrich, B.; Adams, D. J. Controlling Syneresis of Hydrogels Using Organic
Salts. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 2022, 61 (4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202115021.
(36) Basu, K.; Baral, A.; Basak, S.; Dehsorkhi, A.; Nanda, J.; Bhunia, D.; Ghosh, S.;
Castelletto, V.; Hamley, I. W.; Banerjee, A. Peptide Based Hydrogels for Cancer Drug
Release: Modulation of Stiffness, Drug Release and Proteolytic Stability of Hydrogels by
Incorporating d-Amino Acid Residue(S). Chem. Commun. 2016, 52 (28), 5045–5048.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cc01744d.
(37) Skilling, K. J.; Citossi, F.; Bradshaw, T. D.; Ashford, M.; Kellam, B.; Marlow, M.
Insights into Low Molecular Mass Organic Gelators: A Focus on Drug Delivery and
Tissue Engineering Applications. Soft Matter 2014, 10 (2), 237–256.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm52244j.
31 (38) Kumura, H.; Ishido, T.; Shimazaki, K. Production and Partial Purification of Proteases
from Aspergillus Oryzae Grown in a Medium Based on Whey Protein as an Exclusive
Nitrogen Source. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94 (2), 657–667. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.20103587.
(39) Ojima, Y.; Sawabe, T.; Konami, K.; Azuma, M. Construction of Hypervesiculation
Escherichia Coli Strains and Application for Secretory Protein Production. Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 2020, 117 (3), 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27239.
(40) Shiina, S.; Ohshima, T.; Sato, M. Extracellular Release of Recombinant α-Amylase from
Escherichia Coli Using Pulsed Electric Field. Biotechnol. Prog. 2004, 20 (5), 1528–1533.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bp049760u.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Novel antifungal selectivity was created in a conventional antifungal drug, amphotericin B (AmB)
via the co-assembly formation with a short-peptide hydrogelator (P1). The co-assembly complex
suppressed the intrinsic antifungal activity. When P1 in the complex was degraded by a protease
secreted from a fungus, the suppressed antifungal activity of AmB recovered, resulting in the
selective killing of the fungus.
32
33 ...