1. Nishijima S, Suda W, Oshima K, Kim S-W, Hirose Y, Morita H, et al. The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness. DNA Res. 2016;23(2):125–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsw002
2. Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. Starving our microbial self: The deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab. 2014;20(5):779–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.003
3. Matsuoka T, Tsuchida A, Yamaji A, Kurosawa C, Shinohara M, Takayama I, et al. Consumption of a meal containing refined barley flour bread is associated with a lower postprandial blood glucose concentration after a second meal compared with one containing refined wheat flour bread in healthy Japanese: A randomized control trial. Nutrition. 2020;72:110637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.110637
4. Martínez I, Lattimer JM, Hubach KL, Case JA, Yang J, Weber CG, et al. Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements. ISME J. 2013;7(2):269–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.104
5. Kobayashi T, Kaneko S, Matsuoka T. The effect of barley noodles on blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients. J Japanese Assoc Diet Fiber Res. 2013;17(1):35–40. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40019769176
6. Matsuoka T, Uchimatsu D, Kobayashi T, Aoe S. Effect of barley on metabolic syndrome related indicators in overweight Japanese men and women. J Japanese Assoc Diet Fiber Res. 2014;18(1):25–33. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40020187747
7. Nilsson AC, Östman EM, Knudsen KEB, Holst JJ, Björck IME. A cereal-based evening meal rich in indigestible carbohydrates increases plasma butyrate the next morning. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):1932–6. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.123604
8. Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Nilsson A, Akrami R, Lee YS, De Vadder F, Arora T, et al. Dietary fiber- induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella. Cell Metab. 2015;22(6):971–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.001
9. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944
10. Nilsson AC, Ostman EM, Granfeldt Y, Björck IME. Effect of cereal test breakfasts differing in glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates on daylong glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):645–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.645
11. Lifschitz CH, Grusak MA, Butte NF. Carbohydrate digestion in humans from a beta-glucan- enriched barley is reduced. J Nutr. 2002;132(9):2593–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.9.2593
12. Hosomi K, Ohno H, Murakami H, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Tanisawa K, Hirata S, et al. Method for preparing DNA from feces in guanidine thiocyanate solution affects 16S rRNA-based profiling of human microbiota diversity. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04511- 0
13. Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7(5):335–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303
14. Mohsen A, Park J, Chen Y-A, Kawashima H, Mizuguchi K. Impact of quality trimming on the efficiency of reads joining and diversity analysis of Illumina paired-end reads in the context of QIIME1 and QIIME2 microbiome analysis frameworks. BMC Bioinformatics. 2019;20(1):581. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-019-3187-5
15. Casella G, Fienberg S, Olkin I. A Modern Approach to Regression with R. Vol. 102, Design. 2006. 618 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35434-7
16. Ito K, Murphy D. Tutorial: Application of ggplot2 to pharmacometric graphics. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2013;2(10): e79. https://doi.org/10.1038/psp.2013.56
17. Eriksen AK, Brunius C, Mazidi M, Hellström PM, Risérus U, Iversen KN, et al. Effects of whole- grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(4):864–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa026
18. So D, Whelan K, Rossi M, Morrison M, Holtmann G, Kelly JT, et al. Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(6):965–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy041
19. Moen B, Berget I, Rud I, Hole AS, Kjos NP, Sahlstrøm S. Extrusion of barley and oat influence the fecal microbiota and SCFA profile of growing pigs. Food Funct. 2016;7(2):1024–32. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo01452b
20. Pratt C, Campbell MD. The effect of Bifidobacterium on reducing symptomatic abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(3):834–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-019-09609-7
21. Eeckhaut V, Machiels K, Perrier C, Romero C, Maes S, Flahou B, et al. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2013;62(12):1745–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303611
22. Scott KP, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Dietary fibre and the gut microbiota. Nutr Bull. 2008;33(3):201–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.00706.x
23. Zhu C, Sawrey-Kubicek L, Beals E, Rhodes CH, Houts HE, Sacchi R, et al. Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study. Nutr Res. 2020;77:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.03.005