[1] Hide M, Hiragun T. Japanese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of urticaria in comparison with other countries. Allergol Int. 2012; 61: 517-527.
[2] Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. The EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Allergy. 2018; 73: 1393-1414.
[3] Tanaka T, Kameyoshi Y, Hide M. Analysis of the prevalence of subtypes of urticaria and angioedema. Arerugi. 2006; 55:134-139.
[4] Fine LM, Bernstein JA. Guideline of Chronic Urticaria Beyond. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016; 8: 396-403.
[5] Grattan CE, Wallington TB, Warin RP, Kennedy CT, Bradfield JW. A serological mediator in chronic idiopathic urticarial–a clinical, immunological and histological evaluation. Br J Dermatol. 1986; 114: 583-590.
[6] Grattan CE, Francis DM, Hide M, Greaves MW. Detection of circulating histamine releasing autoantibodies with functional properties of anti-IgE in chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991; 21: 695-704.
[7] Hide M, Francis DM, Grattan CE, Hakimi J, Kochan JP, Greaves MW.Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 1599-1604.
[8] Kolkhir P, Church MK, Weller K, Metz M, Schmetzer O, Maurer M. Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: what we know and what we do not know. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 139: 1772-1781.
[9] Kolkhir P, Metz M, Altrichter S, Maurer M. Comorbidity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and autoimmune thyroid diseases: A systematic review. Allergy. 2017; 72: 1440-1460.
[10] Altrichter S, Peter HJ, Pisarevskaja D, Metz M, Martus P, Maurer M. IgE mediated autoallergy against thyroid peroxidase–a novel pathomechanism of chronic spontaneous urticaria? PLoS One. 2011; 6: e14794.
[11] Sánchez A, Cardona R, Munera M, Sánchez J. Identification of antigenic epitopes of thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and interleukin-24. Exploration of cross-reactivity with environmental allergens and possible role in urticaria and hypothyroidism. Immunol Lett. 2020; 220: 71-78.
[12] Chang TW, Chen C, Lin CJ, Metz M, Church MK, Maurer M. The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135: 337-342.
[13] Hatada Y, Kashiwakura J, Hayama K, Fujisawa D, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Terui T, et al. Significantly high levels of anti-dsDNA immunoglobulin E in sera and the ability of dsDNA to induce the degranulation of basophils from chronic urticaria patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013; 161: 154-158.
[14] Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Topal FA, Preusse P, Freier D, Church MK, et al. IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018; 142: 876-882.
[15] Lakin E, Church MK, Maurer M, Schmetzer O. On the lipophilic nature of autoreactive IgE in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Theranostics. 2019; 9: 829-836.
[16] Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, Lorini M, Carbonelli V, Cugno M. Co-occurrence of IgE and IgG autoantibodies in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 2020; 200: 242-249.
[17] Kaplan AP. Chronic spontaneous urticaria: pathogenesis and treatment considerations. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017; 9: 477-482.
[18] Schoepke N, Asero R, Ellrich A, Ferrer M, Gimenez-Arnau A, E H Grattan C, et al. Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria (aiCSU): results of the PURIST study. Allergy. 2019; 74: 2427-2436.
[19] Church MK, Kolkhir P, Metz M, Maurer M. The role and relevance of mast cells in urticaria. Immunol Rev. 2018; 282: 232-247.
[20] Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Maurer M, Sabroe RA, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Grattan CE. EAACI/GA(2)LEN task force consensus report: the autologous serum skin test in urticaria. Allergy. 2009; 64: 1256-1268.
[21] Hofman ZLM, van den Elzen MT, Kuijpers J, de Maat S, Hack CE, Knulst AC, et al. Evidence for bradykinin release in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020; 50: 343-351.
[22] Yanase Y, Matsuo Y, Takahagi S, Kawaguchi T, Uchida K, Ishii K, et al. Coagulation factors induce human skin mast cell and basophil degranulation via activation of complement 5 and the C5a receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021; 147: 1101-1104.
[23] Cugno M, Tedeschi A, Frossi B, Bossi F, Marzano AV, Asero R. Detection of low-molecular-weight mast cell-activating factors in serum from patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2016; 26: 310-313.
[24] Izaki S, Toyoshima S, Endo T, Kanegae K, Nunomura S, Kashiwakura JI, et al. Differentiation between control subjects and patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria based on the ability of anti-IgE autoantibodies (AAbs) to induce FcepsilonRI crosslinking, as compared to anti-FcepsilonRIalpha AAbs. Allergol Int. 2019; 68: 342-351.
[25] Kim Z, Choi BS, Kim JK, Won DL. Basophil markers for identification and activation in the indirect basophil activation test by flow cytometry for diagnosis of autoimmune urticaria. Annals of Laboratory Medicine. 2016; 36: 28-35.
[26] Ferrer M, Kinét JP, Kaplan AP. Comparative studies of functional and binding assays for IgG anti-Fc(epsilon)RIalpha (alpha-subunit) in chronic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998; 101: 672-676
[27] Tong LJ, Balakrishnan G, Kochan JP, Kinét JP, Kaplan AP. Assessment of autoimmunity in patients with chronic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997; 99: 461-465.
[28] Lee MF, Lin TM, Lin SW, Chen YH. A rapid method of detecting autoantibody against FcεRIα for chronic spontaneous urticaria. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e109565.
[29] Kikuchi T, Kaplan A. Mechanisms of autoimmune activation of basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 1056-1062.
[30] Soundararajan S, Kikuchi Y, Joseph K, Kaplan AP. Functional assessment of pathogenic IgG subclasses in chronic autoimmune urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115: 815-821.
[31] Kaplan AP, Joseph K. Basophil secretion in chronic urticaria: autoantibody-dependent or not? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 729-730.
[32] Burlein C, Bahnck C, Bhatt T, Murphy D, Lemaire P, Carroll S, et al. Development of a sensitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay to monitor the interactions between pTEFb and Tat. Anal Biochem. 2014; 465: 164-171.
[33] Sugimoto K, Hiwasa T, Shibuya K, Hirano S, Beppu M, Isose S, et al. Novel autoantibodies against the proteasome subunit PSMA7 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2018; 325: 54-60.
[34] Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Maykut RJ, Geba GP, Zeldin RK. Treatment of chronic autoimmune urticaria with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122: 569-573.
[35] MacGlashan DW Jr, Bochner BS, Adelman DC, Jardieu PM, Togias A, McKenzie-White J, Sterbinsky SA, Hamilton RG, Lichtenstein LM. Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol. 1997; 158: 1438-1445.
[36] Niimi N, Francis DM, Kermani F, O’Donnell BF, Hide M, Kobza-Black A, Winkelmann PK, Greaves MW, Barr. Dermal mast cell activation by autoantibodies against the high affinity IgE receptor in chronic urticaria. J Invest Dermatol. 1996; 106: 1001-1006.
[37] Fiebiger E, Hammerschmid F, Stingl G, Maurer D. Anti-FcepsilonRIalpha autoantibodies in autoimmune-mediated disorders. Identification of a structure-function relationship. J Clin Invest. 1998; 101: 243-251.
[38] Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Ferrer M, Knol EF, Maurer M, Raap U, et al. EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria. Allergy. 2013; 68: 27-36.
[39] Altrichter S, Zampeli V, Ellrich A, Zhang K, Church MK, Maurer M. IgM and IgA in addition to IgG autoantibodies against FceRIalpha are frequent and associated with disease markers of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2020; 75: 3208-3215.
[40] PerkinElmer. User's Guide to Alpha Assays Protein:Protein Interactions. https://www.blossombio.com/pdf/products/UG_Alphatech.pdf
[41] Mio M, Akahori H, Sugimoto Y, Akagi M, Tasaka K. Influence of aging on the histamine release and membrane fluidity of rat peritoneal mast cells. Pharmacology. 1989; 38: 191-200.
[42] V Seagroatt, S G Anderson. The second international reference preparation for human serum immunoglobulin E and the first British standard for human serum immunoglobulin E. J Biol Stand. 1981; 9: 431-437.
[43] U Fagiolo, F Kricek, C Ruf, A Peserico, A Amadori, M Cancian. Effects of complement inactivation and IgG depletion on skin reactivity to autologous serum in chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106: 567-572.
[44] Bossi F, Frossi B, Radillo O, Cugno M, Tedeschi A, Riboldi P, Asero R, Tedesco F, Pucillo C. Mast cells are critically involved in serum-mediated vascular leakage in chronic urticaria beyond high-affinity IgE receptor stimulation. Allergy. 2011; 66: 1538-1545.
[45] Zheng W, Wang J, Zhu W, Xu C, He S. Upregulated expression of substance P in basophils of the patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: induction of histamine release and basophil accumulation by substance P. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2016; 32: 217-228
[46] Fujisawa D, Kashiwakura J, Kita H, Kikukawa Y, Fujitani Y, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, et al. Expression of Mas-related gene X2 on mast cells is upregulated in the skin of patients with severe chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134: 622-633.
[47] Levick SP, Brower GL, Janicki JS. Substance P-mediated cardiac mast cell activation: An in vitro study. Neuropeptides. 2019; 74: 52-59.
[48] Metz M, Krull C, Hawro T, Saluja R, Groffik A, Stanger C, et al. Substance P is upregulated in the serum of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Invest Dermatol. 2014; 134: 2833-2836.
[49] Asero R, Tedeschi A, Riboldi P, Cugno M. Plasma of patients with chronic urticaria shows signs of thrombin generation, and its intradermal injection causes wheal-and-flare reactions much more frequently than autologous serum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 117: 1113-1117.
[50] Ferrer M, Nakazawa K, Kaplan AP. Complement dependence of histamine release in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104: 169-172.
[51] Platzer MH, Grattan CE, Poulsen LK, Skov PS. Validation of basophil histamine release against the autologous serum skin test and outcome of serum-induced basophil histamine release studies in a large population of chronic urticaria patients. Allergy. 2005; 60: 1152-1156.
[52] Baioumy SA, Esawy MM, Shabana MA. Assessment of circulating FCepsilonRIa in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients and its correlation with clinical and immunological variables. Immunobiology. 2018; 223: 807-811.
[53] Ulambayar B, Chen YH, Ban GY, Lee JH, Jung CG, Yang EM, et al. Detection of circulating IgG autoantibody to FcepsilonRIalpha in sera from chronic spontaneous urticaria patients. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017; 53: 141-147.
[54] Takahagi S, Mihara S, Iwamoto K, Morioke S, Okabe T, Kameyoshi Y, et al. Coagulation/fibrinolysis and inflammation markers are associated with disease activity in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2010; 65: 649-656.
[55] Matsuo H, Yokooji T, Morita H, Ooi M, Urata K, Ishii K, et al. Aspirin augments IgE-mediated histamine release from human peripheral basophils via Syk kinase activation. Allergol Int. 2013; 62: 503-511.