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乾燥地植物生産における葉面結露の生理生態的効果

横山, 岳 YOKOYAMA, Gaku ヨコヤマ, ガク 九州大学

2022.02.28

概要

研究の背景・目的
　乾燥地では，気候変動や人口増加に伴い水不足の深刻化が予測されている．そのため水消費の大部分を占める農業分野においても水利用効率の向上や未利用水資源の活用が求められている．結露による葉の濡れ（葉面結露）は，乾燥地を含む地球上の多くの地域で発生する現象であり，乾燥地植物生産における新たな水資源としての可能性が注目されている．一方，葉面結露は，降水量や灌漑水量と比較して極めて少量であるため，“水量”に基づいて水資源の価値を評価する従来の評価方法では，葉面結露の水資源としての有用性を評価することは困難である．乾燥地植物生産における灌水の主な目的は，水ストレスに伴う植物の生理生態機能（光合成，蒸散など）の活性低下を軽減するためである．したがって，葉面結露が乾燥地植物生産に及ぼす影響は，“水量”に基づく評価ではなく“植物の生理生態機能への影響”に基づいて評価するべきである．本研究では，葉面結露が植物の生理生態機能に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．

（１）乾燥地農地における葉面結露の発生特性の解析
　葉面結露が植物の生理生態機能に及ぼす影響を明らかにするためには，気象環境によって決定される葉面結露の発生特性（頻度・持続時間など）を把握する必要がある．本研究では，中国北西部の乾燥地帯に位置する甘粛省白銀市郊外のトウモロコシ畑地を研究対象地として，2018－2020年の栽培期間（4－9月）における葉面結露の発生特性と気象環境の観測を行った．葉面結露は，降水量と比較して少量（降水量の約5%）であったが，高頻度（栽培期間の55%の日数）で発生した．また，葉面結露は平均的に夜23時から翌朝の9時まで，10時間にわたって継続した．以上の結果より，葉面結露は水量は少ないものの，高頻度で発生し，長時間継続することから，植物の生理生態機能に影響を及ぼし得ることを示した．

（２）葉面からの水分吸収が植物の水分状態に及ぼす影響
　植物－環境系における水の移動は，水ポテンシャル勾配を駆動力とする．そこで，葉面結露が長時間続く夜間においては，葉面の水滴の水ポテンシャルが葉内の水ポテンシャルよりも高い場合，葉面－葉内の水ポテンシャル勾配に従って葉から水分吸収されるという仮説を立てた．また，仮に葉からの水分吸収が起こるならば，根からの吸水が減少する乾燥土壌条件においても，水ストレスによる植物の成長阻害が軽減されるという仮説を立てた．以上の仮説を検証するために，乾燥土壌・湿潤土壌のそれぞれの条件において，葉面結露の有無が夜間の植物水分状態と植物の成長（地上部乾物重）に及ぼす影響を調べた．その結果，実際に乾燥土壌条件では，葉からの水分吸収により植物水分状態が改善されることを明らかにした．一方で，葉面からの水分吸収により水ストレスが緩和されたにもかかわらず，植物の成長（地上部乾物重）は，葉面結露が無い場合と同程度であった．これらの結果から，植物の成長の基となる光合成に対する葉面結露の影響を明らかにする必要性が示唆された．

（３）葉面結露が植物のガス交換の日変化に及ぼす影響
　植物のガス交換（光合成・蒸散）は，収量を決定づける重要な生理生態機能である．一方で，濡れている葉のガス交換を計測することは，既存の測定装置では不可能であるため，葉面結露が植物のガス交換に及ぼす影響は未解明である．本研究では，同化箱に流入・流出するガス濃度差より植物のガス交換を計測するチャンバ法と植物の茎における熱収支に基づいて茎内流量（≒蒸散速度）を計測する茎熱収支法を組み合わせた，独自の計測システムを用いて葉面結露が植物のガス交換に及ぼす影響を調べた．その結果，葉面結露は日単位での水利用効率を向上させることを示した．

　以上の研究は，葉面結露が植物の生理生態機能に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることで，乾燥地植物生産における生産・水利用効率の向上に寄与するものである．

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参考文献

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 3

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