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Petrology and geochemistry of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, Philippines : Implications for the pre-eruptive processes and their time scale

田村, 智弥 北海道大学

2021.12.24

概要

大規模な火山噴火は発生こそ低頻度ではあるものの、ひとたび発生すれば人々の生活に甚大な被害をもたらす。日本における大規模噴火の例として約9 万年前の阿蘇火山の噴火や、約7千 300年前の鬼界カルデラの噴火などが挙げられ、この噴火で放出された火山灰は日本全域に及び、広範囲に被害を与えた。このような大規模噴火は近い将来に発生するのか、またはその噴火は予測できるのか、といった研究テーマは、今後の噴火予測や火山防災・減災を考える上で大変重要である。噴火を予測するためにまず、地下に存在するマグマ溜まりの生成から進化、そして噴火に至るまでのマグマプロセスを解明する必要がある。そのためには、噴火で放出された火山噴出物を用いて、岩石学的手法(全岩組成や鉱物組成など)から検討する必要がある。さらに、それによって明らかになったマグマプロセスに対して、別の岩石学的手法(拡散プロファイル)からその時間スケールを検討することにより、マグマプロセスに時間軸を入れることができる。その次に、岩石学的手法から明らかにしたマグマプロセスとその時間スケールについて、噴火前に記録された地球物理学的観測データと比較することにより、両者の関係性を検討する。両者の関係性が解明できれば、噴火前のマグマプロセスに対する理解が進み、さらには未来の大規模噴火を予測できるようになるかもしれない。ピナツボ火山 1991 年噴火は 20 世紀後半に発生した唯一の大規模噴火である。噴火前に地球物理学的観測が実施されてはいたものの、それと岩石学的手法から推定した時間スケールとの関係性を議論した研究例は存在しない。そこで本研究では、岩石学的時間スケールと地球物理学的観測データとの関係性を明らかにするために、1991 年噴火の火山噴出物を用いた岩石学的研究を行った。まずパート 1 では、噴火で放出された本質物質の化学組成(全岩組成や鉱物組成など)から、1991 年噴火に至るまでのマグマプロセスを検討した。1991年のクライマクスで放出されたデイサイト質マグマについて、その全岩組成や含有する斑晶鉱物組成は組成バリエーションを示した。それにより、デイサイト質マグマは不均質であることが分かった。さらにこのデイサイト質マグマは、地殻物質の部分溶融によって生成された珪長質メルトが集積を繰り返すことによって形成されたものであった。また、部分溶融の熱源は玄武岩質マグマであり、この玄武岩質マグマは 1 つ前の活動期である Buag 期(500~1000 年前)以降に形成されたものであることを推定した。したがって、1991 年噴火のマグマプロセスには、①地殻物質の部分溶融によって生成された珪長質メルトの集積による不均質なマグマ溜まりの形成、②そのマグマ溜まりに玄武岩質マグマが貫入することによるマグマ混合の発生、という 2 つの主要なイベントが存在することが明らかになった。また、全岩組成と同位体組成から、デイサイト質マグマは玄武岩質マグマの貫入による組成的な影響をほとんど受けてないことが分かった。次にパート 2 では、1991 年噴火のマグマ供給系が噴火準備過程に要した時間スケールを岩石学的手法から推定するとともに、その結果と噴火前に記録された地球物理学的観測データとの関係性を検討した。時間スケールの推定には斑晶鉱物(石英と磁鉄鉱)の拡散プロファイルを使用した。デイサイト質マグマは玄武岩質マグマからの組成的な影響をほとんど受けていないことから、デイサイトに含まれる斑晶鉱物はデイサイト質マグマ内で起こったマグマプロセスのみを記録している。一方で、玄武岩質マグマとマグマ混合によって生成された安山岩質マグマは、それらのマグマ内で発生したマグマプロセスに加えて、デイサイト質マグマで起きたマグマプロセスも記録している。なぜなら、マグマ混合によってデイサイト質マグマ内に存在していた結晶を捕獲したからである。すなわち、デイサイト質マグマの石英からは珪長質メルトの集積プロセスのみが記録され、玄武岩質~安山岩質マグマの石英と磁鉄鉱からはその集積プロセスに加えて、貫入によるマグマ混合プロセスも記録していることになる。デイサイト質軽石の石英の拡散プロファイルから、珪長質メルトの生成と集積の時間スケールを推定した。その結果、珪長質メルトの生成は噴火の 5~400 年前に、メルトの集積は 3~300 年前に起きたことが推定された。一方で、安山岩質スコリアの磁鉄鉱の拡散プロファイルから、玄武岩質マグマの貫入によるマグマ混合は、噴火の 50 日前に始まり噴火直前の 2 時間前まで継続していたことが推定された。特に噴火の 3 日前からは玄武岩質マグマの貫入量が増加し、それに伴って安山岩質マグマの成長も加速した可能性がある。以上の岩石学的な時間スケールの結果を、噴火前に記録された地球物理学的観測データから検証して両者の関係性を検討した。この検討に使用した観測データは、①浅部地震回数の増加、②浅部備微動の群発、③SO2 放出量の急増、の 3 つである。その結果、噴火 3 日前において、噴火前の玄武岩質マグマの貫入量の増加と、観測データが変化したタイミングが一致した。つまり、両者の間に良い相関関係があることが分かった。一方で、地球物理学的観測データは限られることから、玄武岩質マグマの貫入が始まったタイミングについては、両者の関係性を明らかにすることができなかった。しかしながら、本研究のような岩石学的時間スケールと地球物理学的観測データの関係性を検討する研究事例の蓄積によって、大規模噴火の予測がより現実的なものになっていくかもしれない。

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参考文献

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