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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture: 17K11481, 21K09720, and 21K09742.
Author contributions
A.K. and D.M. designed the research study and analyzed data. A.K. and D.M. wrote the manuscript. A.K. and
Y.S. performed experiments. D.M., Y.N., and Y.A. wrote the code for deep learning models and GBDT. A.K.,
D.M., H.M., F.E., S.S., and Y.I. conducted evaluation on diagnosis of clinical images. Y.I. supervised experiments
and data analysis. All of the authors approved the manuscript to be published and agreed to be accountable for
all aspects of the study.
Competing interests Dai Miyazaki reports lecture fee from Santen Pharmaceutical, Senju Pharmaceutical, Alcon, outside the submitted work. Funding: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and
Culture, 21K09742. Yoshitsugu Inoue reports grants and lecture fee from Senju Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., grants
from Santen Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., grants from Alcon Japan, Ltd., outside the submitted work. Funding:
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, 17K11481,
21K09720. Ayumi Koyama, Yuji Nakagawa, Yuji Ayatsuka, Hitomi Miyake, Fumie Ehara, Shin-ichi Sasaki, and
Yumiko Shimizu declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/
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