1. Kawate R, Yamakido M, Nishimoto Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus
and its vascular complications in Japanese migrants on the
Island of Hawaii. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 161–170.
2. Nakanishi S, Okubo M, Yoneda M, et al. A comparison
between Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii and Los
Angeles and native Japanese: the impact of lifestyle
westernization on diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother
2004; 58: 571–577.
3. Kubota M, Yoneda M, Maeda N, et al. Westernization of
lifestyle affects quantitative and qualitative changes in
adiponectin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16: 83.
4. Hara H, Egusa G, Yamakido M, et al. The high prevalence of
diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinemia among the
Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii and Los Angeles.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994; 24(Suppl): S37–S42.
5. Yoneda M, Yamane K, Jitsuiki K, et al. Prevalence of
metabolic syndrome compared between native Japanese
and Japanese-Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 79:
518–522.
6. Shiwa M, Yoneda M, Nakanishi S, et al. Japanese lifestyle
during childhood prevents the future development of
obesity among Japanese-Americans. PLoS ONE 2015; 10:
e0120804.
7. Bouter KE, van Raalte DH, Groen AK, et al. Role of the gut
microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesityrelated metabolic dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:
1671–1678.
8. Okubo H, Nakatsu Y, Kushiyama A, et al. Gut microbiota as
a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Curr Med Chem
2018; 25: 984–1001.
ª 2019 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by AASD and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Gut microbiota and insulin resistance
9. Chen L, Zhang YH, Huang T, et al. Gene expression profiling
gut microbiota in different races of humans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:
23075.
10. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, et al. Linking long-term
dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science
2011; 334: 105–108.
11. Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, et al. Human nutrition, the
gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 2011; 474:
327–336.
12. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, et al. Impact of diet in
shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in
children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 2010; 107: 14691–14696.
13. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut
microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature
2012; 486: 222–227.
14. Schnorr SL, Candela M, Rampelli S, et al. Gut microbiome of
the Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nat Commun 2014; 5: 3654.
15. Martinez I, Stegen JC, Maldonado-Gomez MX, et al. The gut
microbiota of rural papua new guineans: composition,
diversity patterns, and ecological processes. Cell Rep 2015;
11: 527–538.
16. Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices
obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison
with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:
1462–1470.
17. Carvalho BM, Saad MJ. Influence of gut microbiota on
subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance. Mediators
Inflamm 2013; 2013: 986734.
18. Saad MJ, Santos A, Prada PO. Linking gut microbiota and
inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance. Physiology
(Bethesda) 2016; 31: 283–293.
19. Mirsepasi H, Persson S, Struve C, et al. Microbial diversity in
fecal samples depends on DNA extraction method:
easyMag DNA extraction compared to QIAamp DNA stool
mini kit extraction. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 50.
20. Kishida Y, Okubo H, Ohno H, et al. Effect of miglitol on the
suppression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis development
and improvement of the gut environment in a rodent
model. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52: 1180–1191.
21. Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, et al. QIIME allows
analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.
Nat Methods 2010; 7: 335–336.
22. Edgar RC. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster
than BLAST. Bioinformatics 2010; 26: 2460–2461.
23. McDonald D, Price MN, Goodrich J, et al. An improved
Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and
evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea. ISME J 2012;
6: 610–618.
24. Yamamoto B, Suzuki Y, Yonezu T, et al. Cha-Koji,
comprising green tea leaves fermented with Aspergillus
luchuensis var kawachii kitahara, increases regulatory T cell
production in mice and humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
2018; 2: 1–8.
J Diabetes Investig Vol. 10 No. 6 November 2019
1469
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Yamashita et al.
25. Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. Starving our microbial self:
the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in
microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab 2014; 20:
779–786.
26. Nakaji S, Sugawara K, Saito D, et al. Trends in dietary fiber
intake in Japan over the last century. Eur J Nutr 2002; 41:
222–227.
27. Nishijima S, Suda W, Oshima K, et al. The gut microbiome
of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional
uniqueness. DNA Res 2016; 23: 125–133.
28. Takagi T, Naito Y, Inoue R, et al. Differences in gut microbiota
associated with age, sex, and stool consistency in healthy
Japanese subjects. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 53–63.
29. Gupta VK, Paul S, Dutta C. Geography, ethnicity or
subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome
composition and diversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8: 1162.
30. Mancabelli L, Milani C, Lugli GA, et al. Meta-analysis of the
human gut microbiome from urbanized and preagricultural populations. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19: 1379–
1390.
31. Pedersen HK, Gudmundsdottir V, Nielsen HB, et al. Human
gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin
sensitivity. Nature 2016; 535: 376–381.
32. Most J, Goossens GH, Reijnders D, et al. Gut microbiota
composition strongly correlates to peripheral insulin
sensitivity in obese men but not in women. Benef Microbes
2017; 8: 557–562.
33. Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, et al. Gut
metagenome in European women with normal, impaired
and diabetic glucose control. Nature 2013; 498: 99–103.
http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jdi
34. Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, McIntyre HD, et al. Increased
systolic and diastolic blood pressure is associated with
altered gut microbiota composition and butyrate
production in early pregnancy. Hypertension 2016; 68: 974–
981.
35. Bouter K, Bakker GJ, Levin E, et al. Differential metabolic
effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic
syndrome subjects. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 155.
36. Walker A, Pfitzner B, Harir M, et al. Sulfonolipids as novel
metabolite markers of Alistipes and Odoribacter affected by
high-fat diets. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 11047.
37. Jun Maeda MN, Takikawa H, Yoshida H, et al. Inhibitory
effects of sulfobacin B on DNA polymerase and
inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26: 751–758.
38. Yoneda M, Kubota M, Shiwa M, et al. Impact of Lifestyle
Changes on Japanese-Americans: Results from the HawaiiLos Angeles– Hiroshima Study. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes
2014; 2: 1019.
39. Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Shaw J. Global and societal
implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001; 414:
782–787.
40. Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the
Western diet on immunity. Nutr J 2014; 13: 61.
41. Statovci D, Aguilera M, MacSharry J, et al. The impact of
western diet and nutrients on the microbiota and
immune response at mucosal interfaces. Front Immunol
2017; 8: 838.
42. Costantini L, Molinari R, Farinon B, et al. Impact of omega-3
fatty acids on the gut microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:
E2645.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.
Figure S1 | Heat map showing Pearson’s correlations between the ratio of food intake and gut microbiota at the genus level with
relative abundance >0.1% in the (a) native Japanese men and (b) Japanese-American men.
Table S1 | Relationship of the Matsuda Index with each parameter: age, body mass index, and Odoribacter by single and multiple
regression analyses.
1470
J Diabetes Investig Vol. 10 No. 6 November 2019
ª 2019 The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by AASD and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
...